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Laser tattoo removal as an ablation process monitored by acoustical and optical methods
Cencič, Boris ...
The intradermal tattoos embedded in a human skin can be effectively removed by Q-switched lasers with the wavelengths in the visible and near IR region. The main mechanism is based on the selective ...photothermolysis, where the matching of the laser wavelength with the absorption spectrum of the tattoo pigment removes them through an ablation process. As a result an optical breakdown process is caused by unfocused beam over a relatively large area. Since the pulse duration should be less than the thermal relaxation time of the target, typical pulse duration is in the range from 5 to 100 ns, while the typical pulse-fluences range from 1 to 12J/cm2. In this contribution we will focus on the analysis of the tattoo ablation. The laser tattoo removal process is simultaneously monitored by different optical and acoustic techniques. A laser-beam-deflection probe and two different photodiodes are employed for measuring the spatially-averaged acoustical and optical signals accompanying the breakdown. A CCD camera is used for studying the spatial distribution of the time-integrated light emitted in the visible and near IR spectrum. The acoustic and optical signals are used to determine the degree of absorption of the laser light by the pigment and the structural changes in the skin. A laser designed for tattoo removal (Fotona, d.d.) having a top-hat beam-profile and a beam-diameter up to 8 mm is used as the excitation laser. Particular attention is paid to the effects of the beam nonuniformity and to the effects near the edges of illuminated areas. Experiments were made in vitro (skin phantoms), ex vivo (marking tattoos on pig skin) and in vivo (different kinds of tattoos on several patients). Presented results are important for optimization of the process used in medical therapies.
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