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Positive temperature coefficient of resistivity effect in highly donor-doped barium titanate
Makovec, Darko ; Ule, Nina ; Drofenik, Mihael
BaTiO3 ceramics doped with different La concentrations (0-12 mol%) were prepared by sintering under the reducing conditions of a nitrogen atmosphere containing 1% hydrogen. The critical donor ...concentration that causes blocking of the exaggerated grain growth was observed to be similar to 10 mol% La. The samples, which were semiconducting after sintering under reducing conditions, were subsequently reoxidized by annealing in air to induce the positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) effect. After reoxidation at 1150 degreesC a noticeable PTCR effect was observed in the samples doped with La concentrations as high as 2.5 mol%. The room-temperature resistivity after reoxidation was found to increasewith increasing donor concentration due to an increase in the thickness of the insulating layers at the grain boundaries. TEM analysis showed that reoxidation of the samples caused precipitation of the Ti-rich compound Ba6Ti17O40 inside the doped BaTiO3-matrix grains.
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