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13.
Anyoni [Elektronski vir]
Movrin, Vita
Vse elementarne delce lahko razvrstimo v dva razreda: fermione in bozone. Anyoni ne sodijo ne v enega ne v drugega. Njihova definirajoča lastnost je poljubna (angl. any) faza, ki jo pridobi valovna ...funkcija pri menjavi dveh delcev. Slednja torej ni niti simetrična niti antisimetrična glede na zamenjavo obeh delcev. Tovrstni pojav ni možen v trirazsežnem prostoru, temveč ga lahko opazimo šele, ko je gibanje elektronov omejeno na dve dimenziji, saj je, kot se izkaže, kvantna statistika odraz topologije svetovnic. Eksperimentalno je najzanimivejši t.i. kvantni Hallov pojav, ki je vzpodbudil teoretično zanimanje za anyonske kvazidelce, z obstojem katerih ga je mogoče pojasniti. V članku obravnavamo koncepte, ki so ključni za razumevanje tega pojava, in zaključimo z opisom nedavne eksperimentalne potrditve anyonov.
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