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Implantable cardiac pacemakers - 50 years from the first implantation = Vsadljivi srčni spodbujevalniki - 50-letnica prve vsaditve
Magjarević, Ratko ; Ferek-Petrić, Božidar
Background: Th ere are over 4 million people around the world living with implanted cardiac devices. Modern pacemakers are small and light medical devices, which are implanted under local anaesthesia ...and provide therapy for abroad range of cardiac diseases. They are extremely safe, reliable and long lasting. The aim of this paper is to presentreview of the development of implantable pacemakers from an engineering point of view since the fi rst implanted device in October 1958 till today. Overview: Development of implantable cardiac pacemaker was enabled by another important invention, the silicon transistor. Though the invention of suitable lithium cells as appropriate power supply was essential for prolongation of battery life cycle and for increased reliability of pacemakers, main milestones in the development were associated with technological breakthroughs in electronics: from transistors, which introduced such features as small size and low power consumption, to hybrid and integrated circuits, which enabled programmability,microprocessors, which added more options in programming (multiprogrammability), diagnostics and telemetry, and the ICT (information communication technology) that enabled physicians remote access to patients and interrogation of their implantable devices. Implantable pacemakers are reliable devices indicated for a wide range of different therapies of cardiac rhythm disordersand heart failure. Th ere is still a lot to learn about the physiology of a normal heart and even more about the failing heart. Modern pacemakers provide physicians valuable information from pacemakersć memory viathe built-in telemetry system. Th ese information help physicians to betterunderstand pathologic processes within the heart, thus contributing to the development of new ideas for treatment of diseases and for precise tailoring of the therapy to the patientćs needs. (Abstract truncated at 2000 characters)
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