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Thermodynamic modeling for the alloy design of high speed steels and high chromium cast irons
Pellizzari, Massimo
In recent years, Thermo-Calc was successfully used by the author for the development of as-cast High Speed Steels and High Chromium Irons. The correlation between solidification process and ...microstructure was studied in view of the influence of the alloying elements introduced to promote carbide precipitation. Two classes of HSS were selected based on variable MC/M7C3 and MC/M2C ratios. The solidification process occurs under non-equilibrium conditions, because of microsegregation phenomena connected with the solidification structure: the liquid between dendrites becomes progressively enriched in solute, so that its composition significantly differs form that predicted by the equilibrium diagram. This behavior can be modeled with good approximation by using the equations proposed by Scheil and Gulliver. In this way it was possible to refine the analysis of phase constitution of High Speed Steels, even if kinetic-related phenomena still limited its correct prediction. Present results also show that microstructural tailoring is possible looking at the correlation existing between the fraction of liquid phase at eutectic MC carbides precipitation. The morphology of V-rich particles changes form a continuous interdendritic network to a globular dissociated eutectic, showing higher toughness. The composition of HCrI should result as near as possible to the eutectic one, to maximize eutectic carbide amount. Calculations allowed to define the parameter T[sub]L-T[sub]{Ei} (T[sub]L= liquidus temperature; T[sub]{Ei} = eutectic start temperature) as representative of the material hypoeutecticity, and, on the basis of the basis of the experimental results, a value of 20 °C was safely established in the composition. Thermodynamic modeling was also used to optimize the heat treatment of HSS and HiCr irons.
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