Domestication of the horse : genetic relationships between domestic and wild horses
Kavar, Tatjana ; Dovč, Peter
To date, a large amount of equine genetic data has been obtained regarding (i) extant domestic horses of various breeds from all over the world, (ii) ancient domestic horses, (iii) the extant ...Przewalski's wild horse, and (iv) the late Pleiatocene wild horse from Eurasia and North America. Here, a review of mtDNA na Y chromosome marker analyses is presented in the context of horse domestication. High matrilineal (mtDNA) diversity, which can be found in both extant and ancient (domenstic and wild) horses, has suggested that a high number of wild (and tamed) mares were domesticated. Alternatively, Y chromosome marker analysis revealed a single haplotype in all domestic horses analyzed; interstingly even a small population of extant Przewalski's wild horses showed two different Y chromosome haplotypes. It seems that an extreme male population bottleneck occured due to domestication, while reduction in the female population was only moderate, leaving about 100 distinct haplotypes. For this reasons, we speculate that domestication might have started when the appropriate stallion was found or was obtained by selection. perhaps it had some unusual but special characteristics which could have accelerate the process of domestification. We doubt that only a single Y chromosome haplotype will be found in present-day domestic horses if there areno important differences between the founder stallion/s and the other stallions that were not included in the domestication. In the Eneolithic, tamed and wild mares have probably been spread all over Eurasia, although the number of animals was most likely very low and the populations were limited toa restricted area (e.g., taming centres). Only two subspecies of wild horses (Tarpan and Przewalski's wild horse) have survived up to recently. During the further process of domestication, mares (tamed or wild) were preferentially crossed to stallions having more desirable characteristics. We assume that mares from different regions varied in their morphology due to adaptation to their local environmental conditions. These data might explain rapid expansion of horse populations, as well as their rapid differentiation into various phenotypes during the early phase of domestication.
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