Determining the levels of biogenic amines in cheese except that it has significance for determining the nutritional value and hygienic accuracy, cheese as food can be used as a parameter to evaluate ...the conditions of production and/or ripening of products, and particularly in the selection of bacterial cultures. The purpose of this paper was to determine the effect of the ripening process on the amount of biogenic amines in cheese. For this purpose were conducted physico-chemical analysis, determination of biogenic amines and microbiological analysis. During the process of ripening Livno cheese from three different batches was taken one cheese from prime day and 9th, 20th, 29th, 50th, 60th and 105th day. From each cheese two samples were taken, one from the middle and one from the cheese rind. During 105th day of ripening Livno cheese, the presence of triptamin, ß-feniletlamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermine and spermidine were determinated. The maximum total values of searched biogenic amines were found 105th day, in the middle 184.13 mg/kg and 76.26 mg/kg in the rind of cheese. With an indication that the largest share of value rep¬resent histamine with 43.9 % and tyramine with 38.2 % in the middle, respectively histamine with 31.6 % and tyramine with 31.5 % in the rind of cheese. The values of putrescine and spermine were in small ranges and they are not identified in all samples. The values of histamine and tyramine are almost a third more at 105th than 60th day. There was a significant difference between the middle and the rind of cheese in the values of biogenic amines. Correlation between biogenic amines and microorganisms has not been determined.
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ABSTRACT Background: Towards preparation for a possible influenza pandemic, investigation of the molecular characteristics of the circulating avian H5N1 influenza virus strains is of crucial ...importance. These H5N1 viruses continue to spread, to infect animals and humans and to evolve and diversify providing so an ever-looming pandemic threat.Aim: To identify genetic structure and molecular biological characteristics of BiH's isolates of H5N1 HPAI as well as to assess the level of pathogenicity, phylogenetic origin and host- specificity of the isolates.Material and Methods: SPF embryonated chicken eggs were used for virus isolation. Viral RNA extracted using QIAamp viral RNA kit and manufacturer’s protocol (QIAGEN®) was used for PCR amplification. cDNA synthesis and PCR amplification of the coding region, using gene specific primer sets (primer sequences available on request), were carried out for all eight viral RNA segments separately. The Prism Big Dye Terminator v1.1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems) was used and products were analyzed on an automatic ABI PRISM 3130 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems). Nucleotide sequences were analyzed using Bioedit software (v. 7.0.9.0) with an engine based on the ClustalW 1.4 algorithm. MEGA software (v. 4,0), using the neighbor joining tree inference analysis with the Tamura-Nei γ-model, was used to estimate phylogenies and calculate bootstrap values from the nucleotide sequences.Results: Full-length nucleotide sequences of the A/Cygnus olor/BIH/1/2006 (H5N1) strain were deposited in EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Database under accession nos. FN186008 to FN186014 and FM20943. The pathogenicity and host specificity of this strain, as polygenic traits, are determined in silico by the structure of its proteins, especially surface glycoproteins, HA and NA. Multibasic amino acid stretch PQGERRRKKR/GLF, marker of strains highly pathogenic to poultry, was present at the HA cleavage site of BiH strain. The RBS was typical for avian influenza viruses and contained Gln and Gly at positions 238 and 240 (H5 numbering) that is,226 and 228 according to H3 numbering with seven potential glycosylated sites but with increased binding to alpha2-6 sialoglycans thanks to substitutions, as follows, 110N, 171N, 171N, 172A, 205R and 251P. NA structure assigned this strain to the Z genotype, characterized also by the deletion of the five amino acid residues of the NS1 protein (positions 80-84). Amino acid residues, typical for the avian influenza viruses, were revealed in 40 out of 43 positions of M1, M2, NP, PA, PB2 and HA, determining the host range specificity. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA gene revealed that BiH isolates belonged to genetic clade 2.2., and presence of aspartic acid at the position of 403 of HA locate BiH isolates in 2.2.2. sub-clade.Conclusions: The BiH’s isolates were determined as HPAI virus with genes sequences closely related to A/Cygnus olor/Astrakhan/Ast05-2-10/2005 (H5N1). Three residues (M2 - 28V and 78K, NP - 33I), typical of human influenza viruses, were found, indicating a certain degree of intercurrent evolutionary adaptive changes in BiH isolates. Sequence comparison of HA and NA segments with relevant sequences in GenBank revealed that the BiH isolates and the ones from the southern Russia (Astrakhan region) group together phylogenetically, forming a monophyleticcluster in both genes indicating that these isolates have evolved from the same origin. Sequence derived phenotype markers of NA protein (E99, V129, D131, R136, H255 and Y256) as well as of M2 protein (26L, 27V, 30A, S31 and G34) showed that the isolates have an oseltamivir and amantadine sensitive genotype.
Određivanje razine biogenih amina u siru, osim što ima značaj za utvrđivanje higijenske ispravnosti sira, može se upotrijebiti kao parametar za procjenu uvjeta proizvodnje i/ili zrenja proizvoda, te ...posebno u odabiru mljekarskih kultura. U radu se željelo utvrditi utjecaj samog procesa zrenja na količinu biogenih amina u siru. U tu svrhu su obavljene fizikalno-kemijske i mikrobiološke analize, te određivanje sadržaja biogenih amina. Tijekom procesa zrenja Livanjskog sira iz tri različite šarže uzet je po jedan sir i to nultog, 9., 20., 29., 50., 60. i 105. dana. Iz svakog sira uzorkovana su dva uzorka i to iz sredine i pod korom sira. Tijekom 105 dana zrenja Livanjskog sira utvrđena je prisutnosti triptamina, ß-feniletlamina, putrescina, kadaverina, histamina, tiramina, spermina i spermidina. Najveće ukupne vrijednosti pretraživanih biogenih amina utvrđene su 105. dana i to u sredinu 184,13 mg/kg odnosno 76,26 mg/kg u kori sira. Uz naznaku da najveći udio vrijednosti čini histamin s 43,9 % i tiramin s 38,2 % u sredini, odnosno histamin s 31,6 % i tiramin s 31,5 % u kori sira. Vrijednosti putrescina i spermina kretale su se u vrlo malim rasponima i nisu utvrđeni u svim uzorcima. Vrijednosti histamina i tiramina su gotovo tri puta više 105. nego 60. dana. Utvrđeno je da postoji značajna razlika između sredine i kore u vrijednostima biogenih amina. Korelacija između biogenih amina i mikroorganizama nije utvrđena.
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One hundred years ago dr. Oton Frangeš reported about the state of livestock in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) by comparing numbers of different species in the year 1895 and 1910, when the livestocks ...censuses had been done. This comparison showed a decreasing number of all species from 1895 to 1910, being not the case in every surrounding country. The number of cattle decreased for 107.641 (7,8%), horses 11.426 (4,8%), pigs 135.019 (20,4%), sheep 731.866 (22,7%) and goats 54.484 (3%). Stating the above, the author was of the opinion that according to all resources, the number of livestock should have increased, and not only in number. He, in fact, suggested that the number of some species should have been reduced, and that noble breeds with significantly higher yield of milk and meat should have been imported. He also thought the number of goats should have been reduced as much as possible. Although the writings were colored by regret for numerical decline in livestock production in BiH, the author pointed out how humans should have realized that the smaller the livestock, the more material benefits through better food (cultivation of fodder), better breeding conditions and modern breeds. This required cheap loans to the farmers for fodder production, building barns, procurement of noble breeds, etc.Key words: livestock, Bosnia and Herzegovina
In his report on the state of livestock breeding, dr Vukovic reported about the problems related to infectious diseases of domestic animals in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), the dynamics of their ...appearance as well as the methods and the speed of disease suppression. The author stated that soon the Law on Cattle Pest was adopted stipulating provisions to prevent occurrence and spreading of infectious diseases of domestic animals. Considering the historic organization of veterinary activities in this region, the author listed names of meritorious veterinarians. Despite almost 90 years passed from the publication of his paper, described were the timings of the outbrakes of infectious diseases in BiH, their rapid suppression, and separation of the veterinary service from the sanitary service.Key words: livestock breeding, veterinary service, Bosnia and Herzegovina
This paper does not include all of the legislation on animal and animal products trade on force between the Provincial Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia. ...It, however, includes some by-laws on this kind of trade. Although some advertisements and orders date back more than a hundred years, their provisions remain valid today, especially those on the obligatory registration and reporting on the breakout of certain infectious diseases between the neighboring countries, and also the expertly examination of animals and animal products at border crossings. It is also not difficult to conclude that the countries in question cooperated well protecting their livestock by implementing periodic bans on importation of animals and animal products. Animals that were subject to export and import had to be healthy. Their health conditions had to be certified by a veterinary, and they also had to originate from infectious diseases-free areas. Animal products must have originated from the healthy animals subjected to the examination before and after the slaughter.Key words: Provincial Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia, by-laws, trade, animals
Although some articles on the draft proposals for insurance of animals have been considered unsustainable and professionally unjustified nowadays, it is evident that even a hundred years ago special ...attention was paid to it so that the authors interested in establishing the order into livestock production did write numerous papers. Recognizing the breeding of the worthless livestock, failure to seek veterinary assistance in a timely manner, failure to report on livestock diseases and deaths, and failure to always bury the carcasses, J(B) Sperk wanted to solve the problem by introducing widespread obligatory insurance of livestock, be it as cheap and simple as possible. As the payment of insurance depends on the obligations of animal owners (to seek veterinary interventions in time, to register diseases and animal death in time, to bury the carcasses, etc.) Sperk entertained an idea to direct the money flow from the newly established cattle insurance fund to livestock development in Bosnia and Herzegovina.Key words: livestock, insurance, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Avian chlamydiosis is an infectious disease of birds caused by gram-negative bacterium Chlamydophila psittaci. However, this disease can occure among other mammals including humans. Chlamydiosis ...often presents as an inapparent infection, especially in older birds. During stressful conditions (deficient diet, transportation, great population density in small spaces, etc.) and comorbidity, however, the birds usually begin to either present with the clinical signs of chlamydiosis, or secrete many causative agents to the environment. Depending on the serotype of the causative agent, and the type and age of the host, the disease usually causes systemic disorders, and is often fatal. The affected birds present with lethargy, fever, typical yellow-green discharge from the eyes and nose, diarrhea, anorexia and the weight lost. Bearing capacity is reduced. Autopsy findings show hepatomegaly with necrotic foci, splenomegaly and fibrinous inflammation of the pericardium, peritoneum and air sacs. Pathohistological findings reveal elementary bodies in the intercellular space dyed red to reddish purple using the Gimenez technique.Key words: avian chlamydiosis, pathomorphological changes, histopathological changes
This paper describes in a simple way the changes that occur in the body after death.They develop in a specific order, and the speed of their development and their expression are strongly influenced ...by various endogenous and exogenous factors. The aim of the authors is to indicate the characteristics of the postmortem changes, and their significance in establishing time since death, which can be established precisely within 72 hours. Accurate evaluation of the age of the corpse based on the common changes is not possible with longer postmortem intervals, so the entomological findings become the most significant change on the corpse for determination of the postmortem interval (PMI).
The papers of this and similar topics are intended to show what the term "negligence" implies, and to point out at the violation of legal and moral rights toward animals.
In addition, we intend to ...show how to prove such illegal activities. In some cases, the owners, holders or animal workers accidentally do neglect also becoming the target population of this paper. The papers of such and similar topic have become an imperative since the effective Law on Protection and Welfare of Animals came into force in February, 2009. Many owners, holders and animal workers still remain ignorant on the Law and its provisions on the neglect of animals (14).Key words: animal welfare, animal neglect, assessment of neglect
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