Premda se može činiti kako je svijet visoke politike u kojima su se diplomatske aktivnosti ostvarivale bio lišen emotivne komponente, kasnosrednjovjekovni dubrovački administrativni spisi potvrđuju ...prisutnost emocija u narativu, ritualu i prostoru. Diplomatske emocije pronalaze se u intimnoj i javnoj komunikaciji: pismima, ugovorima, ceremonijalnim radnjama i tajnim pregovorima. Njihova važnost leži u praktičnoj komponenti koja je oblikovala konkretne postupke sudionika diplomatske interakcije. Primjenjujući veći broj teorijskih pristupa i metodoloških paradigmi, u ovom članku propituju se mehanizmi i strategije iza uporabe emocija i načini njihove ekspresije ovisno o pojedinčevom društveno-političkom položaju, spolu, podrijetlu, profesiji i religijskoj pripadnosti. Od posebne su važnosti pitanja posvećena performativnosti emocija, odnosno što se njihovom primjenom praktično moglo postići. Na tragu nove diplomatske povijesti koju je odškrinuo J. Watkins, pozivajući na bavljenje kulturološkim i društvenim kontekstom u kojem se odvijaju diplomatska poslanstva, ovaj rad ukazuje na povezanost visoke politike i emocija što otvara prostor novim istraživačkim pitanjima, interpretacijama i zaključcima.
U članku se analizira uloga dubrovačkih poklisara koji su imali važno mjesto u uspostavi i održavanju veza između njihova rodnoga grada i anžuvinskoga dvora. Posredovali su u komunikaciji između ...središta moći i lokalne zajednice, pri čemu su svoj povlašteni položaj koristili za stjecanje osobnih probitaka. Višesmjerni odnosi u kojima su sudjelovali promatraju se kao važne poluge koje su utjecale na (re)oblikovanje društveno-političke stvarnosti u kojoj su „centar moći“ i „periferija“ djelovali i međusobno se prožimali. Pritom je važno promotriti aktivnosti poklisara u konfliktnim situacijama koje su se javljale među akterima u trokutu Ludovik I. Anžuvinac – poslanici – dubrovačka vlastela.Konstitutivne historiografske analize posvećene odnosima moći usmjerene su na analizu pitanja kako središnji organi vlasti kontroliraju i upravljaju perifernim strukturama. Takva perspektiva izučavanja odnosa središta moći i periferije „odozgo“ prema „dolje“ ne uviđa važnost osobnih veza individua koje su djelovale kao vezivno tkivo među političkim subjektima koji su se razlikovali svojim hijerarhijskim položajem. Moć nije bila rezervirana isključivo za osobu vladara, već je bila zamjetna na različitim razinama društvenoga života i političkoga djelovanja. Pritom istaknuto mjesto dobivaju pojedinci koji svoj položaj, između ostaloga, mogu pripisati uspostavljenim osobnim kontaktima s utjecajnim osobama svojega vremena.U članku pod povećalo znanstvenoga interesa stavljam interpersonalne kontakte dubrovačkih diplomata koji su bili spona između anžuvinskoga dvora i dubrovačke vlade u kritičnome trenutku uspostave međusobnih odnosa pregovorima u Višegradu 1358., ali i u godinama koje su slijedile. U analizi postavljenih pitanja oslanjam se na prozopografsku metodu i teoriju društvenih mreža. Prateći karijerni put izabranih predstavnika općine i analizirajući njihove privatne, bračne i klijentelističke veze, uvidjet ćemo mrežu osobnih kontakata te načine njihova uspostavljanja, održavanja i korištenja, kao i probleme koji su se s vremenom javljali među njezinim članovima. Posebno su važne osobne veze dubrovačkih poklisara koje su bile neizostavan dio njihova privatnoga života, ali i javnoga političkog djelovanja. Za njih se vezuju moralne vrijednosti poput odanosti, časti i povjerenja te emocije kao što je ljubav.
The article analyzes the role of Ragusan ambassadors who played an important role in establishing and maintaining relationships between their hometown and the Angevin court. These individuals mediated the communication between the center of power and the local community, using their privileged position to obtain personal gains. The multidirectional relationships in which they participated are seen as important instruments that influenced the (re)shaping of the socio-political reality in which the ‘center of power’ and the ‘periphery’ acted and influenced each other. Of particular interest are the activities of the envoys in conflict situations that arose between the actors in the triangle: Louis I of Anjou - ambassadors – Dubrovnik`s councillors.Constitutive historiographical analyzes devoted to power relations are concerned with the question of how central authorities control and manage peripheral structures. Such a perspective of studying the relationship between the center of power and the periphery ‘from above’ to ‘below’ does not recognize the importance of the personal connections of individuals who acted as connective tissue between political subjects that differed in their hierarchical position. Power was not reserved exclusively for the king, but was noticeable at different levels of social life and political activity. Herewith, a prominent place is given to individuals who, among other things, can attribute their position to established personal contacts with influential people of their time. In the article, the focus of scientific interest is on the interpersonal contacts of Ragusan ambassadors who were assigned the role of a link between the Angevin court and the Ragusan authorities at the critical moment of the establishment of mutual relations through negotiations in Višegrad in 1358, as well as in the years that followed. In the analysis of the questions, I rely on the prosopographical method and the theory of social networks. By following the career path of the elected representatives of the commune and analyzing their private, marital and clientelistic relationships, we will gain an insight into the network of personal contacts and the ways of their establishment, maintenance and usage, as well as the problems that arose among its members over time. Of special importance are the personal connections of the envoys, which were an important part of their private life, but also of their public political activities. They are associated with moral values such as loyalty, honor and trust, and emotions such as love.
The article analyzes the role of Ragusan ambassadors who played an important role in establishing and maintaining relationships between their hometown and the Angevin court. These individuals ...mediated the communication between the center of power and the local community, using their privileged position to obtain personal gains. The multidirectional relationships in which they participated are seen as important instruments that influenced the (re)shaping of the socio-political reality in which the ‘center of power’ and the ‘periphery’ acted and influenced each other. Of particular interest are the activities of the envoys in conflict situations that arose between the actors in the triangle: Louis I of Anjou - ambassadors – Dubrovnik`s councillors. Constitutive historiographical analyzes devoted to power relations are concerned with the question of how central authorities control and manage peripheral structures. Such a perspective of studying the relationship between the center of power and the periphery ‘from above’ to ‘below’ does not recognize the importance of the personal connections of individuals who acted as connective tissue between political subjects that differed in their hierarchical position. Power was not reserved exclusively for the king, but was noticeable at different levels of social life and political activity. Herewith, a prominent place is given to individuals who, among other things, can attribute their position to established personal contacts with influential people of their time. In the article, the focus of scientific interest is on the interpersonal contacts of Ragusan ambassadors who were assigned the role of a link between the Angevin court and the Ragusan authorities at the critical moment of the establishment of mutual relations through negotiations in Višegrad in 1358, as well as in the years that followed. In the analysis of the questions, I rely on the prosopographical method and the theory of social networks. By following the career path of the elected representatives of the commune and analyzing their private, marital and clientelistic relationships, we will gain an insight into the network of personal contacts and the ways of their establishment, maintenance and usage, as well as the problems that arose among its members over time. Of special importance are the personal connections of the envoys, which were an important part of their private life, but also of their public political activities. They are associated with moral values such as loyalty, honor and trust, and emotions such as love.
Emotions shouldn`t be neglected, but rather taken seriously in order to understand better the complexity of political, and socio-cultural processes that they have generated. The study of emotions in ...the field of diplomacy is particularly promising, but requires precise definition of the term, explanation of the methodological approach and qualifications concerning the research possibilities that depend upon the nature of the archival sources. The goal of this article is to analyze how words used to signify emotions, which could be signified as negative, shaped practical decisions within certain socio-political and cultural contexts ; in other words to demonstrate an active role of emotions in shaping and conducting practical diplomatic decisions. The study aims to underpin the reciprocal relations between emotions and actions illustrated by two case studies from the late medieval Ragusan history. The sources of an interest are preserved in the State archive in Dubrovnik, in the archival seria Lettere di Levante, which, among others, contains the instructions written by the city authorities to their envoys. Despite the fact that the instructions were a product of a long and sober-minded discussions, and therefore they aren`t usually abundant with words used to express certain emotions in them, places where those expressions appear are quite significant and can tell us more about how emotions were used as a tool of cognitive processes.
Zovko-Šoštarić Valentina. Negative Emotions in Action – two Examples from the 15th Century Ragusan Diplomacy. In: Hiperboreea. Journal of History, vol. 6, N°1, 2019. pp. 5-15.
In 1430 Dubrovnik’s authorities decided to send ambassadors to
the Sublime Porte for the first time. An important part of the preparatory
activities was to decide to whom gifts should be presented, ...and what should
be the nature and value of the gifts presented to the various recipients.
Gifts were carefully wrapped diplomatic messages that their recipients
could interpret in various ways. Gift rhetoric was used primarily to
achieve strategic interests and was an ideological tool used both as a sign
and an instrument. An analysis of the nature and value of the objects
that ambassadors gave to their hosts reveals the “collective identity” of
the community that preoccupied the City fathers, offers an insight into
Dubrovnik’s trade connections and local production of luxury goods, as
well as their reception in a different cultural landscape.
Sources kept in the Dubrovnik State Archive allow us to reconstruct the
list of Dubrovnik’s diplomatic gifts presented to various individuals at
the Sublime Porte from the time of the establishment of the first official
diplomatic contacts until the City became a tributary state. The gifts can
be categorized according to the political and social rank of the recipients.
Interpretation of the reasoning underlying the selection of gifts offers an
interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of their pragmatic purposes, their
origin and production, their value (economic, social, cultural, practical,
emotional), and manipulation of their usage. As well as influencing both
contemporary and future Ragusan – Ottoman relations, the gifts encouraged
symbolic, material, and cultural exchanges between diverse civilizations.
In 1430 Dubrovnik’s authorities decided to send ambassadors to the Sublime Porte for the first time. An important part of the preparatory activities was to decide to whom gifts should be presented, ...and what should be the nature and value of the gifts presented to the various recipients. Gifts were carefully wrapped diplomatic messages that their recipients could interpret in various ways. Gift rhetoric was used primarily to achieve strategic interests and was an ideological tool used both as a sign and an instrument. An analysis of the nature and value of the objects that ambassadors gave to their hosts reveals the “collective identity” of the community that preoccupied the City fathers, offers an insight into Dubrovnik’s trade connections and local production of luxury goods, as well as their reception in a different cultural landscape. Sources kept in the Dubrovnik State Archive allow us to reconstruct the list of Dubrovnik’s diplomatic gifts presented to various individuals at the Sublime Porte from the time of the establishment of the first official diplomatic contacts until the City became a tributary state. The gifts can be categorized according to the political and social rank of the recipients. Interpretation of the reasoning underlying the selection of gifts offers an interdisciplinary approach to the analysis of their pragmatic purposes, their origin and production, their value (economic, social, cultural, practical, emotional), and manipulation of their usage. As well as influencing both contemporary and future Ragusan - Ottoman relations, the gifts encouraged symbolic, material, and cultural exchanges between diverse civilizations.
Emotions shouldn`t be neglected, but rather taken seriously in order to understand better the complexity of political, and socio-cultural processes that they have generated. The study of emotions in ...the field of diplomacy is particularly promising, but requires precise definition of the term, explanation of the methodological approach and qualifications concerning the research possibilities that depend upon the nature of the archival sources. The goal of this article is to analyze how words used to signify emotions, which could be signified as negative, shaped practical decisions within certain socio-political and cultural contexts; in other words to demonstrate an active role of emotions in shaping and conducting practical diplomatic decisions. The study aims to underpin the reciprocal relations between emotions and actions illustrated by two case studies from the late medieval Ragusan history. The sources of an interest are preserved in the State archive in Dubrovnik, in the archival seria Lettere di Levante, which, among others, contains the instructions written by the city authorities to their envoys. Despite the fact that the instructions were a product of a long and sober-minded discussions, and therefore they aren`t usually abundant with words used to express certain emotions in them, places where those expressions appear are quite significant and can tell us more about how emotions were used as a tool of cognitive processes.
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