The objective of the present study was to compare estradiol/progesterone ratios of different age categories of red deer hinds and use it as a predictor of estrus synchronization success and ...consequently conception rate. To accomplish this we used 38 red deer hinds to establish serum progesterone and estradiol levels in young (21 animals), mature (10 animals) and old (7 animals) hinds during the estrus synchronization procedure (transvaginal/cervical AI). The following estrus synchronization was used: at the start of the experiment each hind received a controlled intravaginal drug-releasing device (CIDR, Pharmacia and Upjohn, New Zealand) containing 0.3 g of progesterone. The device was removed on day 11, simultaneously with an application of 250 IU of Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG, Folligon(R) Intervet International, Boxmeer, Holland). Transvaginal/ cervical AI (artificial insemination) was performed 48 hours after CIDR withdrawal (day 13). Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein using a Venoject(R) vacutainer without an anticoagulant for hormonal tests on the same experimental day (0, 11th and 13th day). A statistically (p is less than 0.01) higher progesterone level was found in young hinds on the 11th day after controlled intravaginal drug-releasing device insertion. A significantly higher (p is less than 0.01) estrogen level was observed in the young in regard to mature and old hinds on the expected day of estrus (13th day). Estradiol/progesterone ratios showed a statistically significant difference (p is less than 0.01) on insemination day (13th day) between old and young hinds (98.67 : 46.59) and between old and mature hinds (98.67 : 51.79). Out of a total of 38 hinds only 9 had their offspring, 6 of the young and 3 of the mature hinds.
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The aim of this research was to determine how the supplement of organic selenium in the diet at different concentrations reflects on the content of blood Se and GSH-Px activity and their correlation ...in goats and their kids in organic breeding. The study included 24 Alpine goat breeds during lactation and their kids. Goats were divided into three groups depending on dietary treatments. Goats were fed with the cereals mixture 1 kg/per day in control group (C). Organic selenium supplied as selenised yeast in the first experimental group (E-I) 0.015 % and in the second experimental group (E-II) 0.030 % in cereals mixture. The addition of organic selenium significantly (P<0.01) increased blood Se of goats and kids in E-I and E-II groups in relation to C group and higher (P<0.05) in E-II in comparison with the E-I group. Concentrations of Se followed by GSH-Px activity, and were higher in the EI and E-II groups in comparison with C group. In the blood of suckling kids has determined higher (P<0.01) GSH-Px activity in E-I and E-II groups in relation to C group. It was also determined higher GSH-Px in the blood of kids E-II group compared to the EI group. Significant correlations was found between Se levels and GSH-Px activity in goats and kids, but were significant only in the goats of E-II group. The results obtained concentration of Se and GSH-Px in the blood goats and kids showed the validity of adding prganic selenium into food in organic breeding.
Two groups of weaned piglets (N=46), crossbreed (SLxLW) x Pietrain, the same sex proportions, aged 28 days were involved in the investigation. Piglets from all groups were fed mixture for weaned ...piglets with 22% of crude protein and 13.84 MJ ME/kg until 21st day of the trial and with 19% of crude protein and 13.74 MJ ME/kg until 35th day of the experiment. The experimental group was added 0.2% nProgut® in the feed mixture, during the whole experimental period. Body weight,haematological and some biochemical parameters were determined on the 7th, 21st and 35th day of the trial. No significant differences were determined in average body mass and biochemical parameters (glucose, creatinine, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, globulin, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein) concerned. Total leukocytes count was higher (P>0.05) in the experimental group (E) 21st and 35th day, and significantly higher (P<0.01) share of lymphocytes. We found positive and strong correlation between total protein and globulin (r=0.86) in the experimental group, and strong positively correlation (r=0.84) between total protein and albumin in the control group. Significantly (P<0.05) strong negative correlation between triglyceride and total protein concentration (r=-0.83), and triglyceride and globulin concentration (r=-0.90) were determined in the experimental group of piglets. Dietary addition of hydrolyzed brewery yeast simulated cellular and humoral immune response.
The aim of this paper is to determine the concentration of blood metabolic hormones and leptin levels in growing lambs. The research was carried out on Tsigai lambs in two periods (suckling and ...fattening) during the winter feeding season. Lambs were suckling and ate a food mixture and alfalfa hay ad libitum, while during the fattening period they were fed only with the above mentioned mixture and alfalfa hay ad libitum. Their blood was analyzed on 35th and 75th day of age. Concentrations of minsulin, leptin and thyroid hormones were determined in the blood serum of lambs during both periods. In the blood of fattening lambs significantly higher (P<0.01) leptin concentrations (4.83 and 3.45 ng/mL) and slightly higher(P>0.05) insulin concentrations (1.05 and 0.54 μU/mL), were determined, compared to suckling lambs. A significant strong positive correlation between serum leptin and insulin (r = 0.85, P<0.01) was also determined in the blood of fattening lambs and a positive correlation of above mentioned indicators in the blood of suckling lambs, but with no significant difference (r = 0.25, P>0.05). The concentration of thyroid hormones did not significantly differ depending on the period of measurement. These changes indicate that the measurement concentrations of metabolic hormones and leptin in blood are very important in order to understand the changes of metabolism and nutrient supply in growing lambs.
Mastitis, upala mliječne žlijezde jedna je od tri glavne bolesti koje utječu na profitabilnost proizvođača mlijeka i najskuplja bolest intenzivnog mliječnog govedarstva. Ekonomski gubici nastaju zbog ...odbacivanja mlijeka, povećanog izlučenja krava, troškova lijekova, rada veterinara i rada samih stočara. Međutim, sve je više dokaza da hranidba može imati značajan učinak na imunosni sustav, čime utječe na incidenciju infekcije i tijek mastitisa. Glavni utjecaj hranidbe na zdravlje vimena je putem supresije imunosnog sustava. Loš sastav obroka ne uzrokuje mastitis, ali može olakšati bakterijama da se udomaće u mliječnoj žlijezdi, što rezultira povećanom stopom mastitisa. Mliječna žlijezda krava često je izložena potencijalnim patogenima, ali većina krava ne dobije mastitis jer je njihov imunosni sustav adekvatan da spriječi infekciju. Cilj ovog rada je rasvijetliti povezanost između određenih minerala iz hrane i mastisa u mliječnih krava. Minerali dokazano imaju učinak na proizvodnju i reprodukciju, a njihov nedostatak može rezultirati imunosupresijom. Minerali koji utječu na zdravlje vimena su: selen, bakar, cink, kalcij, fosfor, magnezij, sumpor, mangan i molibden.
Mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is one of the three main diseases that affect the profitability of milk producers and the most expensive disease of intensive dairy cattle farming. Economic losses occur due to the rejection of milk, increased excretion of cows, the cost of medicines, the work of veterinarians, and the work of the herdsmen themselves. However, there is increasing evidence that nutrition can have a significant effect on the immune system, thereby influencing the incidence of infections and the course of mastitis. The main influence of feeding on udder health is through the suppression of the immune system. A poor diet does not cause mastitis, but it can make it easier for bacteria to colonize the mammary gland, resulting in an increased rate of mastitis. The mammary gland of cows is often exposed to potential pathogens, but most cows do not develop mastitis because their immune systems are adequate to prevent infection. This work aims to describe the relationship between certain minerals from food and mastitis in dairy cows. Minerals have been proven to affect production and reproduction, and their deficiency can result in immunosuppression. Minerals that affect the health of the udder are selenium, copper, zinc, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, manganese, and molybdenum.
Levamisole has been shown to stimulate the immune response in immunocompromised humans and animals. However, its use as an adjuvant in immunocompromised weaned pigs prone to colibacillosis has only ...been experimentally tested but not yet officially approved. Therefore, the aim of these studies was to study the pharmacokinetics (PK) of an immunomodulating dose of levamisole in weaned pigs. For that purpose, 20 weaned crossbred pigs were divided into two treatment groups. In this parallel-design study, a single dose of levamisole (2.5 mg/kg body weight) was administered by the intramuscular (i.m.) or oral (p.o.) route. Statistically significant differences between the i.m. and p.o. routes in terminal beta rate constant (β), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the curve (AUC) for plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0-inf), area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last quantifiable time point (AUC0-t) were determined. Further research is needed to establish a relationship between the PK and the immunomodulating effect of levamisole in pigs.
The aim of this research was to monitor the metabolic profile of blood and the quality of ewes’ milk during lactation in organic farming. Biological investigations were carried out on 32 clinically ...healthy Merinolandschaf ewes during the 3th lactation on the 20th, 60th and 100th day of lactation. Ewes’ milk was analyzed for the non fat dry matter, milk fat, protein, lactose, urea, the somatic cells count (SCC) and te total viable cell number (CFU), as well as for the concentration of fatty acids, atherogenic (AI), thrombogenic (TI) and Δ9-desaturase activity index. Concentrations of minerals (Ca-calcium, P-phosphorus-inorganic, Mg-magnesium, and Fe-iron), biochemical parameters (urea, glucose, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, total protein, albumin, globulin, NEFA-non-esterified fatty acids, BHBA-beta-hydroxybutyrate) and enzyme activity (ALT-alanine aminotransferase, AST-aspartate aminotransferase, ALP-alkaline phosphatase, CK-creatine kinase and GGT-γ-glutamyl transferase) were analyzed in blood serum. Chemical composition of milk differed among different stages of lactation, which was marked by the increased content of milk fat, the decreased urea concentration, as well as by numeorus changes of fatty acid concentration observed along with lactation progression. Number of SCC and CFU in milk increased during lactation. AT and TI were appropriate in all stages of lactation, which resulted in satisfactory quality of ewes’ milk from organic farming. Determined concentrations of certain biochemical parameters (NEFA, triglycerides, VLDL-cholesterol, Ca and Fe) in blood of ewes originating from organic farming indicated lower deficit of energy during the 20th day of lactation, as well as a lack of Ca and Fe concentrations in blood, which most likely occurred due to higher loss through milk. Accordingly, the blood metabolic profile can be considered as an indicator for feeding and health status of ewes during lactation in organic farming.
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Interest for breeding mouflons in Europe is growing by the day, so it is important to extend our knowledge regarding their physiology. To establish reference intervals of biochemical values for ...mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon), serum samples from 35 males and 26 females were analyzed using the automatic analyzer Olympus AU 640 for 22 serum biochemistry parameters. All mouflons aged from 1 to 4 years were apparently healthy and in good body condition and kept at an average altitude of 87 m (45°4′N, 18°6′E). Obtained results were tested according to age and sex categories by the repeated measurement model with Tukey's post hoc test. Data showed a significantly higher (P < 0.01) concentration of total serum bilirubin and chloride in adult pregnant female mouflons compared to adult male mouflons. A significantly higher (P < 0.01) value of sodium and a lower (P < 0.01) value of serum phosphate in adult pregnant female mouflons compared to adult male mouflons have been determined. These data provide the baseline information about serum biochemical parameters which can be used to manage the health in mouflons.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Perinatal development of the digestive system of piglets is a complex process characterized by numerous changes in the structural and functional level caused by the action of various factors. As the ...main organ in which digestion and absorption take place, the small intestine is most affected by these changes. During parturition the digestive system is colonized by numerous microorganisms which further stimulate the structural and immune development acting as a part of the protective barrier lining. Colostrum intake passively immunizes and promotes the development of the digestive system. The enzymatic system of piglets is undeveloped after parturition and adapted to colostrum and milk digestion developing gradually due to the interaction of food ingredients, microbiota and genes. After weaning piglets stop to eat temporarily and a short delay in growth and invasion of intestinal structure and function occure. In order to prepare the digestive system for weaning, it is important to start feeding piglets with high quality, hygienic and balanced forage on time.
Elements such as Pb, Cd, Hg, and As, are an integral part of the biosphere, they do not decompose but circulating in nature in different oxidation and chemical forms. Human activity increases the ...naturally occurring levels of these elements in the environment. Wild animals that live in natural ecosystems are particularly exposed to the various environmental factors. The environment is the main factor that determines health status and population of wildlife. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As and Hg) and essential elements (Fe and Se) in the soil and plant communities of the forests (litter and ground flora) in habitat conditions for two years. In the state open hunting area ˝KRNDIJA II˝ XIV/23 was taken 14 samples of soil and samples of litter and ground flora from four areas of hunting grounds. We performed a chemical analysis of the soil and analysis of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As, Hg) and essential elements (Fe, Se) in samples of soil, litter and ground flora. It was found that the area of research is characterized by acid soils that are medium humus to humus, poor in potassium and phosphorus and medium provided with iron and deficient with selenium. The determined concentrations of heavy metals in soil were lower than the maximum permissible concentrations. Increased concentrations of cadmium and lower concentrations of iron and selenium from the desired concentration was determined in samples of litter and ground flora.
Elementi poput Pb, Cd, Hg i As sastavnim su dijelom Zemljine biosfere, oni se ne razgrađuju već kruže u prirodi u različitim oksidacijskim i kemijskim oblicima. Čovjek svojim djelovanjem povećava prirodno prisutne razine tih elemenata u okolišu. Divlje životinje koje žive u prirodnim ekosustavima posebno su izložene raznim čimbenicima okoliša. Upravo je okoliš glavni čimbenik koji određuje zdravlje, stanje i populaciju divljači. Stoga je je cilj ovog istraživanja utvrditi koncentraciju teških metala (Cd, Pb, As i Hg) i esencijalnih elemenata (Fe i Se) u tlu, komponentama biljne zajednice šume (listinac i prizemna flora) u uvjetima staništa tijekom dvije godine. Na području državnog otvorenog lovišta ˝Krndija II˝ XIV/23 uzeto je 14 uzoraka tla, te uzorci listinca i prizemne flore sa četiriju područja lovišta. Urađena je kemijska analiza tla te analiza teških metala (Pb, Cd, As, Hg) i esencijalnih elemenata (Fe, Se) u uzorcima tla, listinca i prizemne flore. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da područje istraživanja karakteriziraju kisela tla koja su srednje humozna do humozna, siromašna kalijem i fosforom i osrednje opskrbljena željezom i deficitarna selenom. Utvrđene koncentracije teških metala u tlu bile su manje od maksimalno dopuštenih koncentracija propisanih Pravilnikom o onečišćenju tala. Povećana koncentracija kadmija i manja koncentracija željeza i selena od poželjne koncentracije utvrđena je u uzorcima listinca i prizemne flore.
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