This research aimed to determine the influence of selenium supplements (organic, inorganic) in the rations of heavily pregnant and lactation ewes on indicators of acid-base balance. The research was ...conducted on 30 pregnant ewes Merinolandschaf breeds. The ewes were divided into three groups of 10 animals. The research started in autumn, by selecting the heavily (90th days of pregnancy) pregnant ewes with a single lamb pregnancy, continued during the spring of next year with the same ewes after lambing in lactation. The control group of ewes (group I) was fed without the selenium supplement, the second group of ewes (group II) was supplemented with 0.3 mg/kg of organic selenium, and the third group of ewes (group III) was supplemented with the 0.3 mg/kg inorganic selenium. In the blood of heavily pregnant and lactating ewes pH, gases (pCO2, pO2), electrolytes (Ca, Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3-), were determined and calculated z - value, BEfw, BECl -, BEalb, anion gap (AG) and the strong ion difference (SID). Most of the indicators of acid base balance in all three groups were in reference range and supplementation with selenium especially inorganic helps move their values to reference and avoid acid base imbalance and disorders connected, which can cause reduced productivity and economic results. Determined acid base indicators are a sign of proper, timely, and good feeding adjustments of ewes in demanding reproduction statuses.
Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj dodatka selena (organskog, anorganskog) u obrocima kasno gravidnih ovaca i ovaca u laktaciji na pokazatelje acidobazne ravnoteže. Istraživanje je provedeno na 30 gravidnih ovaca Merinolandschaf pasmine. Ovce su podijeljene u tri skupine po 10 životinja. Istraživanje je počelo u jesen, odabirom kasno gravidnih ovaca (90. dan gravidnosti) s jednim janjetom i nastavljeno tijekom proljeća sljedeće godine s istim ovcama nakon janjenja u laktaciji. Krmna smjesa kontrolne skupine ovaca (skupina I) bila je bez dodatka selena, krmna smjesa druge skupine ovaca (skupina II) bila je obogaćena dodatkom 0,3 mg/kg organskog selena, a krmna smjesa treće skupine ovaca (skupina III) bila je obogaćena dodatkom 0,3 mg/kg anorganskog selena. U krvi visoko gravidnih ovaca i ovaca u laktaciji utvrđeni su sljedeći pokazatelji: pH, plinovi (pCO2, pO2), elektroliti (Ca, Na+, K+, Cl- i HCO3-), te izračunata z - vrijednost, BEfw, BECl -, BEalb, anionski procijep (AG) i jaka ionska razlika (SID). Većina pokazatelja acidobazne ravnoteže u sve tri skupine bila je unutar referentnih vrijednosti, a dodatak selena, posebno anorganskog oblika u obrocima ovaca pomaknuo je njihove vrijednosti prema referentnim i izbjegao acido-baznu neravnotežu i povezane poremećaje, koji mogu uzrokovati smanjenu produktivnost i ekonomske rezultate. Utvrđeni pokazatelji acido bazne ravnoteže znak su odgovarajuće hranidbe ovaca i njihove pravovremene i dobre prilagodbe u zahtjevnim reprodukcijskim stanjima.
With the aim of determination of biochemical indicators variability in the plasma and milk and hematological indicators regarding the daily lactose content classes (indicating the mastitis risk) and ...somatic cell counts classes (indicating the animal’s health status), blood and milk of 75 Holstein cows were sampled. The cows were reared on a commercial dairy farm. A statistical analysis demonstrated that the lactation stage, parity, and statistically significant monthly measurement P < 0.01) affected both the biochemical and hematological parameters. The differences between the analyzed biochemical and hematological parameters due to the mastitis score classes (according to the daily lactose content, DLC, and the somatic cell count, SCC) were present and statistically significant (P < 0.05) in some traits. Furthermore, different trends regarding the mastitis scoring (DCL of SCC) were determined in some traits. Therefore, when using the test-day records as an animal’s mastitis risk and health status indicator, both scoring ways should be used. Finally, in the case of a mastitis risk or mastitis occurrence, other diagnostic methods (such as various mastitis tests) should be used for the sake of an unambiguous detection.
U cilju utvrđivanja vrijednosti biokemijskih pokazatelja u uzorcima plazme i mlijeka te hematoloških pokazatelja u uzorcima krvi ovisno o razredima dnevnoga sadržaja laktoze (što ukazuje na rizik od mastitisa) i broju somatskih stanica (koji ukazuje na zdravstveno stanje životinje), uzorci krvi i mlijeka uzeti su od 75 krava holsteinske pasmine uzgajanih na komercijalnoj mliječnoj farmi tijekom tromjesečnoga razdoblja. Statistička analiza pokazala je da stadij i redoslijed laktacije te mjesec uzorkovanja statistički značajno (P < 0,01) utječu na biokemijske parametre u plazmi i mlijeku, kao i na hematološke parametre. Razlike između analiziranih biokemijskih i hematoloških parametara bile su zbog razreda mastitisa (prema dnevnome sadržaju laktoze, DLC, i broju somatskih stanica, SCC) prisutne i statistički značajne (P < 0,05) kod nekih svojstava. Također, kod pojedinih su svojstava utvrđeni različiti trendovi ovisno o načinu ocjene mastitisa (DCL ili SCC). Stoga se pri korištenju rezultata kontrole mliječnosti kao pokazatelja rizika od mastitisa i zdravstvenoga stanja životinje treba koristiti obama načinima ocjene, a u slučaju procijenjenoga rizika od mastitisa ili pojave mastitisa treba se radi nedvosmislenoga otkrivanja koristiti drugim dijagnostičkim metodama (kao što su različiti testovi na mastitis) .
Changes of botanical composition and concentration of P, Ca, Fe, Zn and Cu in the plants were monitored on the two rotation lowlands pastures during the pasture season. It was determined that all ...investigated pasture traits varied. Analysis of botanical composition of pastures showed the decrease legumes portion and the increase grasses portion. Analysis of the sheep blood serum shows significant variations in P and Zn concentrations which can be related to diverse pasture botanical and mineral composition.
Background and Purpose: Yeast derivative mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) and zeolite clinoptilolite (CPL) well known nutritional supplements acting as either prebiotic or immunobiotic, respectively, in ...animal husbandry. The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not these agents referred to as potential alternatives to antibiotics may positively influence systemic immune parameters of weaned pigs without negatively affecting their hematological, serum biochemical and gut histological homeostasis.Materials and Methods: Sixty pigs from a commercial farm were divided into three groups comprising 20 pigs each and treated at 4 weeks of age as follows: controls received standard weaner diet, whereas diet for principals was supplemented with 0.2% of MOS or 0.5% of CPL. The experiment was conducted throughout 35 days and at either Day 7 or Day 35 intervals starting at Day 0 before the treatments hematological, serum biochemical and intestinal histopathological parameters were monitored, respectively.Results: Pigs fed CPL supplement had lower proportion of lymphocytes (P<0.05), but higher proportions of neutrophils and eosinophils (P<0.05) at Day 21. Neither MOS nor CPL affected values of hematological parameters. Serum levels of hepatic enzymes in pigs fed CPL supplemen, with exception of lower value of creatinine kinase (CK) at Day 35 (P<0.01) were not changed. These pigs had lower level of total proteins (P<0.05) at Day 28, but higher levels of urea (P<0.05) and creatinine (P<0.01) at Day 35. Generally, principal pigs had milder damages of villi, similar infiltration of lymphoid/myeloid cells within jejunal/ileal lamina propria and follicular hyperplasia in mesenterc lymph node, but more extensive proliferation within Peyer’s patches.Conclusions: MOS did not affect any of monitored parameters, and CPL only sporadically induced lymphopaenia and granulocytosis, decrease of CK and total proteins and increase of urea and creatinine levels, indicating that the agents were not associated with any harmful side effects on monitored blood and gut parameters and impairment in general health status of pigs.
Determination of correct feeding regimes for calves is very important as it directly influences calves’ productive and reproductive traits, as well as duration of adult animal exploitation period. As ...the liquid feed is the most expensive component, its importance also has an economic aspect in calves rearing. The experiment was carried out on 30 Holstein calves with the aim to determine productive, economic and health effects of feeding calves with whole milk in different periods. Calves were divided into three equal groups (10 calves in each group). Experiment was carried out in the period from calving up to the 60th day of calf ’s age. All groups were given whole milk, however, duration of whole milk feeding differed among groups. Group 1 consumed whole milk from birth up to the 30th day of age, group 2 from birth up to the 20th day of age and group 3 from birth up to the 10th day of age. Afterwards, all groups were fed with milk replacement formula up to the 60th day of age. Suggested technological solutions in calves feeding within this experiment were analyzed through evaluation of basic fattening characteristics, monitoring of diarrhea occurrences and calculating costs per kg of weight gain per each group. Statistical analysis referring to calves body weight, daily gain and liquid feed conversion during the 1st month of experiment proved the best values for group 1, which were statistically highly significant (P<0.01) if compared to other groups. Examination of health status of calves determined that diarrhea occurred less frequently in group 1, which led to conclusion that feeding whole milk to calves should be given priority with respect to its nutritive and health benefits. By analyzing economic aspect of feeding whole milk to calves in their 1st month of age, the lowest costs were obtained for group 1, which supports the fact that feeding calves with whole milk is cost effective.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The consequences of infection by Suid herpesvirus type 1 (SuHV-1) that causes Aujeszky’s disease (AD) are well studied, however, the effects of immunomodulators (IMs) of microbial origin (viral and ...bacterial) when administered solely or in combination with the attenuated SuHV-1 vaccine are less known. The effects of parenteral administration of IMs, inactivated Parapoxvirus ovis (P. ovis) or a combination of inactivated Propionibacterium granulosum (P. granulosum) and detoxified Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and attenuated SuHV-1, strain Bartha, on the proportion of peripheral blood CD3- CD21+ B cells were analysed in 30 crossbred, 3-month old pigs using flow cytometry (FCM). Specific antibodies for gE and gB of SuHV- 1 were detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were compared among six experimental groups: (1) pigs that separately received the vaccine, (2) IM of bacterial origin, (3) IM of viral origin, (4) simultaneous administration of the vaccine and bacterial IM, (5) simultaneous administration of the vaccine and viral IM, and (6) the control group of untreated pigs. Comparison of B cell proportions and the detection of specific antibodies in blood samples of vaccinated pigs on Day 11 of the experiment showed a transient decrease in B cell contents, though this could not be assumed to be related since the control group showed a decrease in B cell proportion on the same day. The results showed that the use of IMs alone or in combination with the attenuated SuHV-1 vaccine did not have a significant impact on the proportion of peripheral blood B cells in growing pigs.
Posljedice infekcije herpes virusom-1 svinja (SuHV-1) uzročnikom bolesti Aujeszkoga (BA) dobro su istražene, ali, manje je poznat učinak imunomodulatora (IM) mikrobnog podrijetla (virusnog ili bakterijskog) primijenjenih u kombinaciji s atenuiranim cjepivom protiv BA. Učinak parenteralne primjene IM-a, inaktiviranog virusa Parapoxvirus ovis ili kombinacije inaktivirane bakterije Propionibacterium granulosum i lipopolisaharida bakterije Escherichia coli i cjepiva koje sadržava atenuirani virus BA (SuHV-1, soj Bartha) na udio CD3-CD21+ B limfocita periferne krvi analiziran je protočnom citometri¬jom u krvi 30 komercijalnih križanaca svinja u dobi od tri mjeseca bez protutijela za virus BA. Prisustvo je protutijela za glikoproteine B (gB) i E (gE) virusa BA provjereno imunoenzimnim testom (engl. Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay, ELISA). Dobiveni su rezultati uspoređeni između 6 pokusnih skupina tj. između svinja koje su primile: cjepivo (1. skupina), IM bakterijskog podrijetla (2. skupina), IM virusnog podrijetla (3. skupina), svinja koje su istovremeno primile cjepivo i IM bakterijskog podrijetla (4. skupina) ili cjepivo i IM viruisnog podrijetla (5. skupina) te netretirane, kontrolne skupine svinja (6. skupina). Usporedba udjela B limfocita u uzorcima krvi cijepljenih svinja 11. dan pokusa pokazali su prolazno smanjenje sred¬nje vrijednosti udjela B limfocita za koje se nije moglo pretpostaviti da je povezano s pojavom specifičnih protutijela, jer je smanjenje srednje vrijednosti udjela B limfocita bilo i u kontrolnoj skupini istoga dana. Naši su rezultati pokazali da primjena samo IM-a, kao i njihovih kombinacija s atenuiranim cjepivom protiv BA, nisu imali značajan utjecaj na udio B limfocita periferne krvi u tovljene prasadi.
The duodenum, jejunum and ileum are parts of the small intestine and the sites of the terminal stages of enzymatic digestion, and the majority of nutrient, electrolyte and water absorption. The ...apical, luminal membrane of the enterocyte is built of numerous microvilli that increase the absorptive surface of the cell. Carbohydrates, in the form of monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and especially polysaccharides, make up the largest quantitative and energetic part of the diet of most animals, including humans. Galactose, fructose and glucose, the final degradation products of polysaccharide and oligosaccharide enzymatic digestion, can be absorbed by enterocytes either by active transport or by facilitated diffusion. In the small intestine, the transepithelial transport of glucose, the most abundant monosaccharide after carbohydrate digestion and the main source of energy, is performed by a specific membrane transporter located in the brush border membrane of the enterocyte, the sodiumglucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1). While SGLT1 transports glucose across the brush border membrane, a specific basolateral membrane glucose transporter, the sodium-independent glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2), transfers glucose out of the enterocyte down the concentration gradient. The sodium-potassium pump (Na/KATPase), as a sodium and potassium ion transporter, is functionally closely related to the sodium-dependent SGLT1. Na/KATPase is responsible for maintaining the electrochemical gradient of sodium ions, as the driving force for glucose transport via SGLT1. Transepithelial transport of glucose in the small intestine and the differentiation of enterocytes occurs relatively early during the foetal period, allowing glucose to be absorbed from ingested amniotic fluid. Nutrient transport is possible along the whole villus-crypt axis during intrauterine development, while transport shifts toward the villus tip in the mature small intestine. With maturation, glucose transport rates change not only across the villus-crypt axis, but also along the proximodistal axis in the small intestine. The glucose absorption rate shows differences between subunits of the small intestine depending on the age and type of ingested carbohydrates, where complex carbohydrates replace less complex carbohydrates or disaccharides.
Duodenum, jejunum i ileum dijelovi su tankog crijeva gdje se dovršava enzimatska razgradnja i najveći opseg apsorpcije hranjivih tvari, elektrolita i vode. Apikalna, luminalna stanična membrana enterocita građena je od brojnih mikrovila koji povećavaju apsorpcijsku površinu stanice. Ugljikohidrati, u obliku monosaharida, oligosaharida i posebno polisaharida, čine najveći kvantitativni i energetski dio prehrane većine životinja, ali i ljudi. Galaktozu, fruktozu i glukozu, krajnje produkte enzimatske razgradnje polisaharida i oligosaharida, enterociti mogu apsorbirati aktivnim prijenosom ili olakšanom difuzijom. Transepitelni prijenos glukoze, najzastupljenijeg monosaharida nakon razgradnje ugljikohidrata i glavni izvor energija u tankom se crijevu odvija pomoću specifičnog transmembranskog prijenosnika smještenog u četkastom porubu membrane enterocita, prijenosnika glukoze ovisnog o natriju 1 (engl. sodiumglucose cotransporter 1, SGLT1). Dok SGLT1 prenosi glukozu preko četkastog poruba membrane, specifični prijenosnik smješten na bazolateralnoj membrani, prijenosnik glukoze neovisan o natriju 2 (engl. glucose transporter 2, GLUT2), prenosi glukozu iz enterocita niz koncentracijski gradijent. Natrij-kalijeva pumpa (Na/K-ATPaza), kao prijenosnik iona natrija i kalija, funkcionalno je usko povezana sa SGLT1. Na/K-ATPaza odgovorna je za održavanje elektrokemijskog gradijenta natrijevih iona, koji je pokretačka sila prijenosa glukoze putem SGLT1 prijenosnika. Transepitelni prijenos glukoze u tankom crijevu pojavljuje se relativno rano tijekom fetalnog razdoblja, zajedno s diferencijacijom enterocita, što omogućava apsorpciju glukoze iz progutane amnionske tekućine. Prijenos hranjivih tvari moguć je tijekom intrauterinog razvoja duž cijele dužine crijevne resice, dok se u zrelom tankom crijevu prijenos hranjivih tvari pomiče prema vrhu crijevne resice. Sazrijevanjem tankog crijeva aktivnost prijenosnika ne mijenja se samo duž crijevne resice, nego i duž proksimo-distalne osi u tankom crijevu. Apsorpcija glukoze u pojedinim dijelovima tankog crijeva mijenja se ovisno o dobi i vrsti konzumiranih ugljikohidrata, pogotovo kada složeni ugljikohidrati zamjenjuju manje složene ugljikohidrate ili disaharide u prehrani.
Presence and importance of mycotoxins in pig feed Markovic, Radmila; Sefer, Dragan; Radulovic, Stamen ...
Veterinarski glasnik,
(2010), 2010-00-00, 2010-01-01, Volume:
64, Issue:
1-2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Mycotoxins present a significant problem in the diet of pigs. Secondary metabolites of fungi are toxic matter that have a negative effect on health and the performance of animals, as well as on the ...quality of their products. The creating of mycotoxins is a complex process and it is difficult to predict which toxin will be produced and in which concentration. Food is most often contaminated by low concentrations of different mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, trichothecenes, fumonisinsi and zearalenone) which cause a series of undesired effects, depending on the amount that the animal has ingested into the organism. Mycotoxin interactions in the organism are complex, and they can have antagonistic, synergistic or a joint effect, depending on the combination and quantity in which they appear. The pig is a domestic animal which is most sensitive to the effects of mycotoxins. Long-term consumption of feed contaminated with mycotoxins results in a decline in production, a deterioration of the general health and reproductive disorders. One of the most important negative effects in pigs which receive low doses of mycotoxins in the longterm, is immunosuppression. Mycotoxins present very stable links that remain in raw materials and animal products for a long time and thus pose a major health risk for humans.
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