Many countries try to secure agricultural sector for its multifunctional advantage. My objective is to find whether agricultural subsidy is unnecessary as some insist. To do so, I first discuss legal ...definition of subsidies and the main differences between Agriculture Agreement and Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM). Korean agricultural subsidy policy was studied where substantial amount of money were invested. Some countries like the US and EU also in the process of increasing agricultural subsidies in various ways. The case studies show how the US and Korea deal their disputes on agricultural subsidy. Recent development on agricultural subsidy issue were reviewed and it was found that agricultural subsidy for Korea should not be reduced nor neglected since every nations try to increase their agricultural subsidies despite WTO agreement has set limits. DDA (Doha Development Agenda) Negotiation was not concluded last year though it was studied for 15 years. Most recent DDA forum discussed wider reform in agricultural subsidy area, which means Korea has to prepare New Negotiation where Korea may be treated as a developed nation and be ready to make new agricultural policy. Otherwise, Korea may retard agricultural development while others promote. KCI Citation Count: 1
Background/Aims: Previous studies have reported that fenofibrate therapy increases blood creatinine levels. The aim of this studywas to evaluate the effect of fenofibrate therapy on the renal ...function in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and to determine theparameters associated with changes in renal functions.
Methods: This prospective study enrolled 86 hypertriglyceridemic patients (triglycerides ≥ 200 mg/dL) who were divided into twogroups: the fenofibrate group (n = 43), who received 160 mg of fenofibrate, and the control group (n = 43). Lipid profiles and renalfunction were measured at the beginning of the study and after 2 months.
Results: The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decreased in the fenofibrate group (p < 0.001), but did not change in thecontrol group (p = 0.80). Accordingly, the decrease was more pronounced in the fenofibrate group than the control group (-18.6 ±8.6 vs. 0.9 ± 9.6%, respectively; p < 0.001). Changes in serum creatinine (p < 0.001) and blood urea nitrogen (p < 0.005) levels weresimilar to those of eGFR. In a stepwise linear regression analysis, the percent change in creatinine was independently associatedwith fenofibrate therapy (r = 0.71; p < 0.001) and old age (r = 0.27; p < 0.05) in all patients. In the fenofibrate group, percent changein creatinine was associated with age (r = -0.51; p < 0.001) and smoking (r = 0.42; p < 0.005), while percent change was associatedwith body mass index (r = 0.31; p < 0.05) in the control group. Elevation of creatinine by 20% or more was associated withfenofibrate therapy (p < 0.001) and old age (p < 0.005) in all patients, and with old age (p < 0.001) in the fenofibrate group.
Conclusions: Short-term fenofibrate therapy significantly impaired the renal function of hypertriglyceridemic patients, and thiseffect was more pronounced in elderly patients. This finding suggests that creatinine levels should be followed in patients receivingfenofibrate therapy. KCI Citation Count: 1
This research was conducted to help establish positive and professional nursing intuition by confirming the degree of self-directed learning ability, emotional intelligence, grit, and nursing ...intuition perceived by nursing students in the post-corona era. The subject of this research were nursing students located in G Metropolitan City. A descriptive survey was conducted from February 22 to March 28, 2021 as a self-report questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. The analysis showed that higher major satisfaction, emotional intelligence, and grit indicated more positive and professional nursing intuition. Factors affecting nursing professional intuition were emotional intelligence and major satisfaction, and the explanatory power was 61.7%. Based on the results of this research, curriculum activities and strategies of comparison and activities are required to increase the emotional intelligence and major satisfaction of nursing college students. These strategies are also expected to help nursing students establish positive nursing professional intuition. 본 연구는 포스트 코로나 시대의 간호대학생이 지각하는 자기주도학습능력, 감성지능, 그릿 및 간호전문직관의 정도를 확인하고, 간호전문직관의 영향요인을 파악하여 긍정적인 간호전문직관을 확립하는데 도움이 되고자 실시하였다. G광역시에 소재한 간호학과 학생 218명을 대상으로, 2021년 2월 22일부터 3월 28일까지 자가 보고식 설문조사로 시행된 서술적 조사연구이다. 수집한 자료는 SPSS/WIN 21.0 프로그램을 이용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과, 전공만족도, 감성지능, 그릿이 높을수록 간호전문직관이 긍정적이었으며, 간호전문직관에 영향을 미치는 요인으로는 감성지능과 전공만족도로 설명력은 61.7%이었다. 본 연구결과를 기반으로 간호대학생의 감성지능과 전공만족도를 높이기 위한 교과활동 및 비교과 활동의 전략이 요구되며, 이러한 활동 전략이 간호대학생의 긍정적인 간호전문직관 확립을 위해 도움이 될 것으로 기대된다.
The glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) present in the female reproductive tract promote sperm capacitation. When bovine sperm were exposed to 10 μg/ml of one of four GAGs (Chondroitin sulfate, CS; Dermatan ...sulfate, DS; Hyaluronic acid, HA; Heparin, HP) for 5 h, the total motility (TM), straight-line velocity (VSL), and curvilinear velocity (VCL) were higher in the HP- or HA-treated sperm, relative to control and CS- or DS-treated sperm. HP and HA treatments increased the levels of capacitated and acrosome-reacted sperm over time, compared to other treatment groups (p<0.05). In addition, sperm exposed to HP or HA for 1 h before IVF exhibited significantly improved fertilizing ability, as assessed by 2 pronucleus (PN) formation and cleavage rates at d 2. Exposure to these GAGs also enhanced in vitro embryo development rates and embryo quality, and increased the ICM and total blastocyst cell numbers at d 8 after IVF (p<0.05). A real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of pluripotency (Oct 4), cell growth (Glut 5), and anti-apoptosis (Bax inhibitor) genes were significantly higher in embryos derived from HA- or HP-treated sperm than in control or other treatment groups, while pro-apoptotic gene expression (caspase-3) was significantly lower in all GAG treatment groups (p<0.05). These results demonstrated that exposure of bovine sperm to HP or HA positively correlates with in vitro fertilizing ability, in vitro embryo developmental potential, and embryonic gene expression.
Since the γ-aminobutyric acid type-A receptor subunit γ2 gene (GABRG2) mutation was discovered in an Australian family with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) and febrile convulsions, a few screening ...studies for the GABRG2 mutation have been conducted in sporadic individuals with CAE from other ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not the previously reported genetic mutations and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of GABRG2 can be reproduced in sporadic Korean individuals with CAE, compared to healthy Korean individuals.
Thirty-five children with CAE in Chonnam National University Hospital and healthy controls (n=207) were enrolled, and the medical records of patients with CAE were reviewed. CAE was diagnosed according to the Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. All nine exons of GABRG2 were directly sequenced. In addition, the two SNPs found in our CAE patients were analyzed: C315T in exon 3 (E3) and C588T in exon 5 (E5). The frequencies of the two SNPs in the CAE patients were compared with data from healthy controls (for E3 and E5) and from previously reported Korean population data (only for E3).
No mutation of GABRG2 was found in our CAE patients. In addition, the allele and genotype frequencies of the two polymorphisms did not differ significantly between CAE patients, healthy controls, and the Korean general population (p>0.05).
Our study of sporadic Korean individuals with CAE found no evidence that GABRG2 contributes to the genetic basis of CAE.
An oriented morphology has been generated by shear aligning a triblock copolymer SIS below its order–disorder transition (ODT) temperature. Elongational flow deformation was conducted on a ...polystyrene-block–polyisoprene-block–polystyrene (SIS) triblock copolymer having soft spherical microdomains composed of polyisoprene block chains in a hard matrix of polystyrene block chains with extensional rheometer (RME). The triblock copolymer has an equilibrium microphase-separated morphology of spheres (body centered cubic, BCC) of polystyrene in a polyisoprene matrix. The evolving structure was investigated with rheology, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The structure related to various condition of elongational flow deformation has been determined from SAXS patterns by considering separately changes in the single particle scattering, which influence the scattering patterns. The TEM and SAXS data of the film samples show that the spherical PS-domain was deformed and reoriented along the direction of elongation. It was found that the spheres microdomains are transformed into cylinder microstructures with short-range order.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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