It is increasingly recognized that soil microbes have the ability to decompose old recalcitrant soil organic matter (SOM) by using fresh carbon as a source of energy, a phenomena called priming ...effect (PE). However, efforts to determine the consequences of this PE for soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics are in their early stage. Moreover, little is known about the microbial populations involved. Here we explore the consequences of PE for SOM dynamics and mineral nitrogen availability in a soil incubation experiment (161 days), combining the supply of dual-labeled (
13C and
14C) cellulose and mineral nutrients. The microbial groups involved in PE were investigated using molecular fingerprinting techniques (FAMEs and B- and F-ARISA). We show that mean residence time of SOM pool controlled by the PE decreased from 3130 years in the subsoil, where the availability of fresh carbon is very low, to 17–39 years in the surface layer. This result suggests that the decomposition of this recalcitrant soil C pool is strictly dependent on the presence of fresh C and is not an energetically viable mean of accessing C for soil microbes. We also suggest that fungi are the predominant actors of cellulose decomposition and induced PE and they adjust their degradation activity to nutrient availability. The predominant role of fungi can be explained by their ability to grow as mycelium which allows them to explore soil space and mine large reserve of SOM. Finally, our results support the existence of a bank mechanism that regulates nutrient and carbon sequestration in soil: PE is low when nutrient availability is high, allowing sequestration of nutrients and carbon; in contrast, microbes release nutrients from SOM when nutrient availability is low. This bank mechanism may help to synchronize the availability of soluble nutrients to plant requirement and contribute to long-term SOM accumulation in ecosystems.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The FT-IR spectrum of salicylic acid (SA) was studied in the region 10-4000 cm-1. The optimized molecular geometry and fundamental vibration frequencies are interpreted using structural optimizations ...based on the Functional Density Theory (DFT) method. Additionally, we used B3LYP / 6-311G (d, p) to determine the chemical descriptor, the ionization potential (I), the electron affinity (A), the chemical potential (μ), the chemical hardness (η). Nonlinear optical descriptors (NLO) such as dipole moment (μ), polarizability (α), first hyperpolarizability (β) and second hyperpolarizability (γ), 3D maps of HOMO and LUMO orbitals, lengths and Bond angles of salicylic acid isomers are also determined by both DFT and MP2 (The Møller-Plesset theory of order 2 perturbation) methods. The overall descriptors and the non-linear optical properties confirmed that salicylic acid is the reactive molecule and para-hydroxybenzoic acid is the stable molecule. An electrostatic molecular potential (MEP) study was also performed to determine the reactivity of molecules.
The FTIR and Raman spectra of dopamine were also recorded in the spectral region 20 - 4000 cm-1 and 400 - 4000 cm-1 respectively. The optimized molecular geometry and fundamental vibration ...frequencies are interpreted using structural optimizations based on the DFT method. The B3LYP / 6-311G (d, p) was used to determine the calculations of the chemical descriptor. The dopamine (DA) molecule can acquire a maximum charge of 0.513 eV from its environment. To understand the molecular interactions of Dopamine, the MEP is a crucial tool. Nonlinear optical descriptors (NLO) and the lengths, bond angles are also determined by DFT and MP2 methods. The DFT method was used to determine the chemical shifts of 1H and 13C of the product. These constants have been calculated by employing the GIAO (Gauge-Including-Atomic-Orbit), CSGT (Continuous Set of Gauge Transformations) and IGAIM (Individual Gauges for Atoms In Molecules) methods at the B3LYP/6-311G (d, p). The comparison of the theoretical chemical shifts with the experimental ones shows that the CSGT method is the best.
An appropriate and safe behavior for exiting a facility is key to reducing injuries and increasing survival when facing an emergency evacuation in a building. Knowledge on the best evacuation ...practice is commonly delivered by traditional training approaches such as videos, posters, or evacuation drills, but they may become ineffective in terms of knowledge acquisition and retention. Serious games (SGs) are an innovative approach devoted to training and educating people in a gaming environment. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to immersive virtual reality (IVR)-based SGs for evacuation knowledge delivery and behavior assessment because they are highly engaging and promote greater cognitive learning.
This paper aims to understand the development and implementation of IVR SGs in the context of building evacuation training and research, applied to various indoor emergencies such as fire and earthquake. Thus, a conceptual framework for effective design and implementation through the systematic literature review method was developed. As a result, this framework integrates critical aspects and provides connections between them, including pedagogical and behavioral impacts, gaming environment development, and outcome and participation experience measures.
•Fifteen published journal articles and conference proceedings were finally identified and analyzed.•The key elements for development and implementation of these games were investigated.•A conceptual framework integrating and connecting these key factors was proposed.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
DUSP1/MKP1 is a dual-specific phosphatase that regulates MAPKs activity, with an increasingly recognized role in tumor biology. To understand more about the involvement of DUSP1 in lung cancer, we ...performed gene expression analyses of parental and DUSP1-interfered H460 non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Downregulation of DUSP1 induced changes in the expression levels of genes involved in specific biological pathways, including angiogenesis, MAP kinase phosphatase activity, cell-cell signaling, growth factor and tyrosine-kinase receptor activity. Changes in the expression of some of these genes were due to modulation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase and/or p38 activity by DUSP1. Complementary functional assays were performed to focus on the implication of DUSP1 in angiogenesis and metastasis. In H460 cells, interference of DUSP1 resulted in a diminished capacity to invade through Matrigel, to grow tumors in nude mice and also to induce metastasis through tail-vein injection. Furthermore, the angiogenic potential of H460 cells was also impaired, correlating with a decrease in VEGFC production and indicating that DUSP1 could be required to induce angiogenesis. Finally, we studied whether a similar relationship occurred in patients. In human NSCLC specimens, DUSP1 was mainly expressed in those tumor cells close to CD31 vascular structures and a statistically significant correlation was found between VEGFC and DUSP1 expression. Overall, these results provide evidence for a role of DUSP1 in angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis in NSCLC.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The reactivity of Diquat ion at the carbon paste electrode (C.P.E) modified by the copper (C.P.E-Cu) has been reported. The working electrode was prepared by mixing the copper with the carbon powder. ...The optimal potential window has been selected in the range from -1 V to 1.5 V. The effect of parameters such as pH, scan rate, preconcentration time and concentration has been studied by cyclic voltammetry. The preconcentration time is 13 minutes. The reactivity of Diquat on the electrochemical detector has been characterized by the appearance of the cathodic peak at 0.6 V in a solution of sodium sulfate (pH 3). Catalytic influence has been examined by cyclic voltammetry and electronic impedance spectroscopy. The calculated limits of detection and quantification have been 9.48·10-6 and 3.16·10-6 mol L-1, respectively. Then relative standard deviation (RSD) at 0.8·10-4 mol L-1 of Diquat was 5.77 % for nine repetitions. The analytical application was done in the determination of Diquat in real samples of apple juice with satisfying results.
The industrial landfill “Racó de la Pubilla” is located at Flix (Tarragona, Spain) and contains residues from a factory that produces bicalcium phosphate using phosphorite. The main aim of the study ...was the determination of the environmental radiological conditions in the landfill in order to estimate the effective dose received by workers and the potential impact on the surrounding area. With these objectives in mind, a system based on LiF:Mg,Cu,P thermoluminescent detectors (TLD) and electrets was used. The main dosimetric characteristics of the TLD system are presented (LID, energy response, isotropy, etc.), as well as the results of the influence of environmental conditions on the electrets. The evaluation of the gamma ambient dose equivalent measured at the landfill by the TLD technique gives a maximum value of approximately 200
nSv/h, but most of the measurement points were close to the unaltered site (80
nSv/h). In addition, average radon concentrations of
30
Bq
/
m
3
were measured, slightly higher than the reference value. The effective dose due to the natural radioactive components of the waste is lower than 1
mSv/year. The use of LiF:Mg,Cu,P, with a sensitivity 30–40 times higher than LiF:Mg,Ti, and electrets for radon measurements allow short measurement periods, thus providing an easy assessment of the radiological risk of the studied facility.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The purpose of this paper is to test the appropriateness of OSL and electronic dosemeters to estimate eye lens doses at interventional cardiology environment. Using TLD as reference detectors, ...personal dose equivalent was measured in phantoms and during clinical procedures. For phantom measurements, OSL dose values resulted in an average difference of -15 % vs. TLD. Tests carried out with other electronic dosemeters revealed differences up to ±20 % versus TLD. With dosemeters positioned outside the goggles and when TLD doses were >20 μSv, the average difference OSL vs. TLD was -9 %. Eye lens doses of almost 700 μSv per procedure were measured in two cases out of a sample of 33 measurements in individual clinical procedures, thus showing the risk of high exposure to the lenses of the eye when protection rules are not followed. The differences found between OSL and TLD are acceptable for the purpose and range of doses measured in the survey.
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