Indication of rice geographical origin is important in preventing food fraud issues and meets the consumers’ expectation for acquiring high quality food. This study examined the elemental and stable ...isotope compositions of rice samples from MR 220CL cultivar in order to distinguish the geographical origin. A total of 53 rice samples from Kedah (n = 27), Selangor (n = 20) and Langkawi (n = 6) were analyzed for elemental and stable isotope compositions. The instrumental neutron activation analysis was applied to determine the elemental concentrations of aluminum (Al), arsenic (As), bromine (Br), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), sodium (Na), rubidium (Rb) and zinc (Zn) whilst the stable isotopes of δ13Carbon (δ13C) and δ15Nitrogen (δ15N) were analyzed using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The results showed that the concentrations of Al, As, Br, Cl, K, Mg, Na, Rb, Zn and isotopic values of δ13C and δ15N of the rice samples were significantly different (p < 0.05) between the three regions. The rice cultivar was classified into these regions using chemometrics approach of principle component analysis and linear discriminant analysis that achieved high accuracy of 98.1% correct classification. Rubidium and δ15N were shown as the effective indicators for rice from Langkawi, δ13C for rice from Kedah and As, Br, Cl, K, Mg, Na and Zn were the reliable markers for rice from Selangor. The internal and external validation tests of classification model also demonstrated satisfactory prediction accuracy of 96.2% and 84.6%, respectively. Therefore, the elemental compositions and stable isotopes have high potential to be utilized in authenticating the rice cultivar from different origins.
•Chemical compositions of Malaysia rice cultivar MR 220CL by NAA and IRMS.•Chemometric approach of PCA and LDA classify rice origin from 3 regions.•Discrimination achieved by 9 elements and 2 isotopes for origin identification.•The classification model achieved high accuracy rate of 98.1%.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
We evaluated the effects of processing (i.e., polishing, washing, boiling, and rice cake preparation) on the stable carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), and oxygen (δ18O) isotopic compositions of rice ...(Oryza sativa) to assess its geographical origin. There were no significant differences in their δ13C, δ15N, and δ18O values before and after boiling and rice cake preparation, indicating that the database of the δ13C, δ15N, and δ18O values of rice samples could be adapted and used to trace the geographical origin of rice used for cooking and rice cake preparation. Conversely, the δ13C and δ18O values were significantly altered after polishing. After the brown rice samples were polished at a polishing rate of 90%-92%, we determined the δ13C, δ15N, and δ18O values of the polished rice samples from nine countries—Australia, Bangladesh, China, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The rice samples from Bangladesh, Malaysia, Philippines, and Sri Lanka had significantly lower δ13C values than those from the other five countries. The Chinese, Japanese, and Philippine rice samples had lower δ18O values than those from the other countries. The δ13C and δ18O values could be potential tools for tracing the geographical origin of Asian rice.
This investigation aimed to establish the geographical traceability of Malaysian rice by assessing the elemental composition in paddy soil.Multi-element determination in combination with a ...chemometric approach was applied to evaluate the elemental concentrations of paddy soil from granaries cultivated with the same rice variety and to assess the relationship between elements in the soil and rice(SAR)system.A total of 29 elements(aluminum,arsenic,barium,bromine,calcium,chlorine,cobalt,chromium,cesium,europium,iron,gallium,hafnium,potassium,lanthanum,lutetium,magnesium,manganese,sodium,rubidium,antimony,scandium,samarium,thorium,titanium,uranium,vanadium,ytterbium and zinc)were successfully determined in paddy soil from Kedah,Selangor and Langkawi by neutron activation analysis.A significant difference(P＜0.05)between 18 elements in the soil samples was obtained.The chemometric approaches of principal component and linear discriminant analyses demonstrated clear discrimination and highly corrected classification(100％)of the soil samples.A high classification(98.1％)was also achieved by assessing 10 elements(aluminum,arsenic,bromine,chlorine,potassium,magnesium,manganese,sodium,rubidium and zinc),which similarly applied to rice geographical origin determination.Similar elements in SAR were also observed for differences in the pattern of correlation and bioaccumulation factor between the granaries.Furthermore,the generalized Procrustes analysis showed a 98％consensus between SAR and clear differences between the studied regions.The canonical correlation analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between the chemical profile of SAR(r2=0.88,P＜0.001).Therefore,the current work model provides a reliable assessment to establish rice provenance.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Edible bird’s nests (EBNs) are vulnerable to adulteration due to their huge demand for traditional medicine and high market price. Presently, there are pressing needs to explore field-deployable ...rapid screening techniques to detect adulteration of EBNs. The objective of this study is to explore the feasibility of using a handheld near-infrared (VIS/SW-NIR) spectroscopic device for the determination of EBN authenticity against the benchmark performance of a benchtop mid-infrared (MIR) spectrometer. Forty-nine authentic EBNs from the different states in Malaysia and 13 different adulterants (five types) were obtained and used to simulate the adulteration of EBNs at 1, 5 and 10% adulteration by mass (a total of 15 adulterated samples). The VIS/SW-NIR and MIR spectra collated were subsequently processed, modelled and classified using multi-class discriminant analysis. The VIS/SW-NIR results showed 100% correct classification for the collagen and nutrient agar classes in authenticity classification, while for the other classes, the lowest correct classification rate was 96.3%. For MIR analysis, only the karaya gum class had 100% correct classification whilst for the other four classes, the lowest rate of correct classification was at 94.4%. In conclusion, the combination of spectroscopic analysis with chemometrics can be a powerful screening tool to detect EBN adulteration.
Abstract
Rapid development in industries will contribute to the pollution of the soil. Studies of elemental pollution in the soil in the Klang industrial area were conducted to determine the ...concentration level in that area. Analysis of the content of elemental pollution in soil samples has used neutron activation analysis (NAA) techniques. The average concentration of major elements (Fe, Mg, Ti), heavy metals (As, Sb, Cr, Zn), uranium (U) and thorium (Th) in the soil of the Klang industrial area exceeded the average concentration in granitic igneous rocks. In comparison, the average concentration of rare earth elements (REEs) in soil samples in the study area is lower than the reference value of granitic igneous rocks. The elements of As, Zn and Cr showed a high concentration in the SL 11 area, where business activities, vehicle workshops and residential were located. The REEs show a high concentration in the SL 14 area compared to other sites. The geo-accumulation (Igeo) index was applied to identify the pollution status. The Igeo index for the elements of Mg and U can be categorised as unpolluted to moderately polluted. As and Sb can be categorised as unpolluted to moderately polluted, and as extremely polluted in the areas of SL 11 and SL 14. The element of Th can be categorised as unpolluted to moderately and strongly polluted. The Igeo index of REEs can be categorised as unpolluted in the soil of the Klang Industrial area.
Baseline data on background radiation levels allows for future assessment of possible changes in natural radionuclide concentrations, either as a result of geological processes or radioactive ...contamination. We have measured terrestrial gamma radiation dose-rates (TGRD) from surface soils throughout accessible areas in the Peninsular Malaysia state of Negeri Sembilan (NS). Dose rate measurements were carried out using a NaI (TI) scintillation survey meter, encompassing 1708 locations, covering about 73% of the 6645km2 of the land area in NS. This has allowed development of a TGRD contour map, plotted using WinSurf software. The range of measured TGRD was from 71±3nGy/h up to 1000±11nGy/h. The greatest measured TGRD was obtained in an area covered by soil types originating from igneous rock of granitic formations, while the least value of TGRD was observed in an area covered by limestone composed of calcite mineral, mostly found near river and coastal areas. Mean values of TGRD across the seven districts of NS ranged from 244±7nGy/h to 458±13nGy/h, the global mean being 330±8nGy/h compared to a mean value of 92nGy/h and 59nGy/h for Malaysia and the world, respectively. The average annual dose from such terrestrial gamma radiation dose-rates to an individual residing in NS, assuming a tropical rural setting, is estimated to be 0.96mSv per year.
•Isodose map of terrestrial gamma radiation dose rate measured from soil surface at Negeri Sembilan was plotted and is in the range of 71–1000nGy/h.•Study shows a close relationship between geological formations, soil type distribution and terrestrial gamma radiation dose rate measured.•The annual effective dose to the population of Negeri Sembilan was calculated to be 0.96mSv per year.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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