•Availability and cultivation practices of paddy rice.•Overview on the production of value added products from rice straw.•Recent developments in rice straw based biorefinery.
The biorefinery ...approach for the production of fuels and chemicals is gaining more and more attraction in recent years. The major advantages of biorefineries are the generation of multiple products with complete utilization of biomass with zero waste generation. Moreover the process will be economically viable when it targets low volume high value products in addition to high volume low value products like bioethanol. The present review discuss about the potential of rice straw based biorefinery. Since rice is a major staple food for many Asian countries, the utilization of the rice straw residue for fuel and chemicals would be very economical. The review focuses the availability and the potential of this residue for the production of fuel and other high value chemicals.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
2.
Applications of Microbial Enzymes in Food Industry Raveendran, Sindhu; Parameswaran, Binod; Ummalyma, Sabeela Beevi ...
Food technology and biotechnology,
01/2018, Volume:
56, Issue:
1
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The use of enzymes or microorganisms in food preparations is an age-old process. With the advancement of technology, novel enzymes with wide range of applications and specificity have been developed ...and new application areas are still being explored. Microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast and fungi and their enzymes are widely used in several food preparations for improving the taste and texture and they offer huge economic benefits to industries. Microbial enzymes are the preferred source to plants or animals due to several advantages such as easy, cost-effective and consistent production. The present review discusses the recent advancement in enzyme technology for food industries. A comprehensive list of enzymes used in food processing, the microbial source of these enzymes and the wide range of their application are discussed.
The demand for bioplastics has increased exponentially as they have emerged as alternatives to petrochemical plastics. However, there is a substantial lack of knowledge regarding bioplastic ...degradation. This study developed a novel pretreatment method to improve the accessibility of a bioplastic substrate for biodegradation. In this study, cellulose acetate, a bioplastic found in the world's most littered waste, e.g. cigarette filters, was selected as a potential substrate. Before anaerobic digestion, three thermal alkaline pretreatments: TA 30 degreesC, TA 90 degreesC, and TA 121 degreesC, were used to evaluate their effects on the chemical alterations of cellulose acetate. The ester groups in cellulose acetate were significantly reduced by the TA 30 degreesC pretreatment, as seen by a decrease in C = O stretching vibrations and shortening of C - O stretches (1,270 \ 1,210 cm.sup.- 1), indicating effective removal of acetyl groups. This pretreatment significantly enhanced cellulose acetate biodegradability to a maximum of 91%, surpassing the previously reported cellulose acetate degradation. Methane production increased to 695.0 + or - 4 mL/g of volatile solid after TA 30 degreesC pretreatment, indicating enhanced cellulose acetate accessibility to microorganisms, which resulted in superior biogas production compared to the control (306.0 + or - 10 mL/g of volatile solid). Diverse microbes in the anaerobic digestion system included hydrolytic (AB240379_g, Acetomicrobium, FN436103_g, etc.), fermentative, and volatile fatty acids degrading bacteria (JF417922_g, AB274492_g, Coprothermobacter, etc.), with Methanobacterium and Methanothermobacter being the sole hydrogenotrophic methanogens in the anaerobic digestion system. Additionally, an attempt to predict the pathway for the effective degradation of cellulose acetate from the microbial community in different pretreatment conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to estimate the maximum cellulose acetate degradation rate, with a simple and cost-effective pretreatment procedure. This approach holds promise for mitigating the environmental impact of cellulose acetate of cigarette filters and presents a sustainable and economically viable waste management strategy.
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The non-conventional yeasts Kluyveromyces lactis, Yarrowia lipolytica, Ogataea polymorpha and Pichia pastoris have been developed as eukaryotic expression hosts because of their desirable growth ...characteristics, including inhibitor and thermo-tolerance, utilisation of diverse carbon substrates and high amount of extracellular protein secretion. These yeasts already have established in the heterologous production of vaccines, therapeutic proteins, food additives and bio-renewable chemicals, but recent advances in the genetic tool box have the potential to greatly expand and diversify their impact on biotechnology. The diversity of these yeasts includes many strains possessing highly useful, and in some cases even uncommon, metabolic capabilities potentially helpful for the bioprocess industry. This review outlines the recent updates of non-conventional yeast in sustainable bioprocesses.
A novel ultrasound-assisted alkali pretreatment strategy was developed which could effectively remove lignin and hemicelluloses and improve the sugar yield from chili post harvest residue. ...Operational parameters that affect the pretreatment efficiency were studied and optimized. Inhibitor analysis of the hydrolyzate revealed that major fermentation inhibitors like furfural, 5-hydroxymethyl furfural as well as organic acids like citric acid, succinic acid and propionic acid were absent. Hence fermentation can be carried out without detoxification of the hydrolyzate. Changes in structural properties of the biomass were studied in relation to the pretreatment process using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and the changes in chemical composition were also monitored. The biomass pretreated with the optimized novel method could yield 0.428g/g of reducing sugars upon enzymatic hydrolysis. The hydrolyzate obtained by this novel pretreatment strategy was found to be suitable for bioethanol and xylanase production.
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Cellulase production by fungi is tightly regulated in response to environmental cues, and understanding this mechanism is a key pre-requisite in the efforts to improve cellulase secretion. Based on ...UniProt descriptions of secreted Carbohydrate Active enZymes (CAZymes), 13 proteins of the cellulase hyper-producer Penicillium janthinellum NCIM 1366 (PJ-1366) were annotated as cellulases- 4 cellobiohydrolases (CBH), 7 endoglucanases (EG) and 2 beta glucosidases (BGL). Cellulase, xylanase, BGL and peroxidase activities were higher for cultures grown on a combination of cellulose and wheat bran, while EG was stimulated by disaccharides. Docking studies indicated that the most abundant BGL- Bgl2- has different binding sites for the substrate cellobiose and the product glucose, which helps to alleviate feedback inhibition, probably accounting for the low level of glucose tolerance exhibited. Out of the 758 transcription factors (TFs) differentially expressed on cellulose induction, 13 TFs were identified whose binding site frequencies on the promoter regions of the cellulases positively correlated with their abundance in the secretome. Further, correlation analysis of the transcriptional response of these regulators and TF-binding sites on their promoters indicated that cellulase expression is possibly preceded by up-regulation of 12 TFs and down-regulation of 16 TFs, which cumulatively regulate transcription, translation, nutrient metabolism and stress response.
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Objectives
Characterization of glucose tolerant beta glucosidase (GT-BGL) secreted by
Aspergillus unguis
NII 08123, determination of the gene and protein sequences of the enzyme and establishing its ...performance in blends for lignocellulose hydrolysis.
Results
Supplementation of
A. unguis
beta glucosidase (BGL) to cellulase released 1.6 times more sugar within 12 h during the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. The enzyme was determined to be similar to BGL-F from
Emericella nidulans
by MALDI-TOF analysis, and was found to be a GH3 family protein. Molecular Docking simulation studies showed that the enzyme has lesser affinity for glucose (− 5.7 kcal/mol) compared to its substrate cellobiose (− 7.5 kcal/mol). The residues present in the
N
-terminal domain are mostly involved in bond formation with both the substrate and the product, while the
C
-terminal domain contains the catalytic region. In-silico studies showed that its predicted structure is unlike that of previously reported BGLs, which might provide a clue to its exceptional catalytic activity.
Conclusion
The GT-BGL from
A. unguis
NII 08123 was proven effective as a blend in for biomass hydrolyzing enzyme cocktails and the possible reasons for its glucose tolerance was determined through studies on its modeled structure.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Bacterial nanocellullose (BNC) is a versatile matrix for designing and incorporating three-dimensional functional nanomaterials for different applications. The present study describes the fabrication ...of a flexible catalytic electrode for hydrogen evolution reaction using nanocellulose derived from
Komagataeibacter sucrofermentans
. By simple electroless deposition, the BNC is transformed into a conductive flexible substrate. On the subsequent electrodeposition process in a solution of Ni and Mo, the conductive BNC made into an active electrode for hydrogen (H
2
) generation. The highly nano-porous architecture and binder-free nature of the BNC electrode enhances the surface active sites and exhibit an excellent catalytic hydrogen production in alkaline conditions. Electrochemical studies show that the NiMoO
4
/BNC electrode to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm
−2
requires an overpotential of 109 mV with a Tafel slope of 170 mV dec
−1
in 1 M KOH. Moreover, the electrode demonstrates good stability in the alkaline medium during prolonged electrolysis for 48 h. The study offers the fabrication of BNC based electrode for efficient electrocatalytic hydrogen production and promoting the usage of green materials in renewable energy technologies.
Graphic abstract
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Rubber plantations are known to udergo various biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the symbiotic bacterial endophytes that inhabit them provide protection. Here, we isolated bacterial endophytes ...from the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg. and studied their antagonistic activity against major pathogens such as Phytophthora meadii, Corynespora cassiicola and Corticium salmonicolar. The antifungal metabolites such as HCN, siderophores and salicylic acid were produced by the antagonistic endophytes under in vitro conditions. Bioassay showed the growth promotion by a consortium of selected antagonistic endophytes in H. brasiliensis seedlings. The photosynthetic efficiency of seedlings increased after endophyte inoculation. Endophyte-treated plants showed accumulation of starch granules in root tissues. The selected antagonistic isolates belong to Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. The study revealed the biocontrol and growth promoting potential of bacterial endophytes from H. brasiliensis.
In the original publication of the article, the affiliation of two co-authors Prajeesh Kooloth-Valappil and Meera Christopher was published incompletely. The correct affiliation of the authors should ...read " Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India".
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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