Rooted in neoclassical economics, network effects research has revolved around size, arguing that the more users a network has, the more valuable that network will be to each user. I argue that a ...network's structure (feasibility of transactions, centrality of members, structural holes, network ties, the number of roles each member plays) and its conduct (opportunistic behavior, reputation signaling, perceptions of trust) also have significant impacts on a network's value to users and to network providers. Network research that neglects structure and conduct and focuses only on size can lead to wrong strategies or a misleading research agenda.
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We argue that under certain circumstances crowdsourcing transforms distant search into local search, improving the efficiency and effectiveness of problem solving. Under such circumstances a firm may ...choose to crowdsource problem solving rather than solve the problem internally or contract it to a designated supplier. These circumstances depend on the characteristics of the problem, the knowledge required for the solution, the crowd, and the solutions to be evaluated.
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What role do users play during innovation? Ever since it was argued that users can also be the sources of innovation, the literature on the role of users during innovation has grown tremendously. In ...this article, the authors review this growing literature, critique it, and develop some of the research questions that could be explored to contribute to this literature and to the theoretical perspectives that underpin the literature.
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Multisided platforms (MSPs) have recently drawn considerable research attention, as the influence of platforms is increasingly relevant across a wide array of industries. However, despite theoretical ...and empirical advances spanning multiple disciplines, several core questions remain about MSPs. This article offers novel insights around platform business models, platform scale and scope, characteristics of platform "sides," and the role of technology in platform evolution. We hope that these insights provide a useful framework for integrating and advancing various perspectives on the emergence and management of MSPs.
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EDITORS’ COMMENTS Alvarez, Sharon; Afuah, Allan; Gibson, Cristina
The Academy of Management review,
04/2018, Volume:
43, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
An editorial is presented on why management theories should take seriously the uncertainty factors. It focuses on the causes and consequences of Knightian uncertainty and the suggestion of the recent ...empirical and theoretical developments that it is time that it retakes its place as a central concept in organization and management theory. Knightian uncertainty refers to the distinguish between risk and uncertainty by social scientist Frank Knight.
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This paper provides an overview of the main perspectives and themes emerging in research on open innovation (OI). The paper is the result of a collaborative process among several OI scholars - having ...a common basis in the recurrent Professional Development Workshop on 'Researching Open Innovation' at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management. In this paper, we present opportunities for future research on OI, organised at different levels of analysis. We discuss some of the contingencies at these different levels, and argue that future research needs to study OI - originally an organisational-level phenomenon - across multiple levels of analysis. While our integrative framework allows comparing, contrasting and integrating various perspectives at different levels of analysis, further theorising will be needed to advance OI research. On this basis, we propose some new research categories as well as questions for future research - particularly those that span across research domains that have so far developed in isolation.
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Building on transaction cost economics and the knowledge-based theory of the firm, I argue that, following a technological change that is competence-destroying to firms and their suppliers, firms ...that are integrated vertically into the new technology will perform better than those that are not. At the same time, firms that had been vertically integrated into the old technology will perform worse than those that had not been. This argument suggests that the efficient boundaries of a firm are dynamic. I used the adoption of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) technology by makers of computer workstations to explore the hypotheses.
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Examples of the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing go back to at least 1714, when the UK used crowdsourcing to solve the Longitude Problem, obtaining a solution that would ...enable the UK to become the dominant maritime force of its time. Today, Wikipedia uses crowds to provide entries for the world’s largest and free encyclopedia. Partly fueled by the value that can be created and captured through crowdsourcing, interest in researching the phenomenon has been remarkable. For example, the Best Paper Awards in 2012 for a record-setting three journals—the Academy of Management Review, Journal of Product Innovation Management, and Academy of Management Perspectives—were about crowdsourcing. In spite of the interest in crowdsourcing—or perhaps because of it—research on the phenomenon has been conducted in different research silos within the fields of management (from strategy to finance to operations to information systems), biology, communications, computer science, economics, political science, among others. In these silos, crowdsourcing takes names such as broadcast search, innovation tournaments, crowdfunding, community innovation, distributed innovation, collective intelligence, open source, crowdpower, and even open innovation. The book aims to assemble papers from as many of these silos as possible since the ultimate potential of crowdsourcing research is likely to be attained only by bridging them. The papers provide a systematic overview of the research on crowdsourcing from different fields based on a more encompassing definition of the concept, its difference for innovation, and its value for both the private and public sectors.
Firms often lose their competitive advantage when a technological change renders their existing capabilities obsolete. An important question that has received little or no attention is, what happens ...to these firms' competitive advantage when the technological change instead renders obsolete the capabilities of their co-opetitors-the suppliers, customers, and complementors whose very success may underpin that of the firm and with whom it must collaborate and compete. This paper explores the effects on a firm of the impact of a technological change on its co-opetitors. It argues that a firm's post-technological change performance decreases with the extent to which the technological change renders co-opetitors' capabilities obsolete. It uses detailed data on the adoption of RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) technology by computer workstation makers to demonstrate the need to view resources as residing in a network and not in the firm alone.
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