Aquaculture is a fast-growing food sector but is plagued by a plethora of bacterial pathogens that infect fish. The rearing of fish at high population densities in aquaculture facilities makes them ...highly susceptible to disease outbreaks, which can cause significant economic loss. Thus, immunity development in fish through vaccination against various pathogens of economically important aquaculture species has been extensively studied and has been largely accepted as a reliable method for preventing infections. Vaccination studies in aquaculture systems are strategically associated with the economically and environmentally sustainable management of aquaculture production worldwide. Historically, most licensed fish vaccines have been developed as inactivated pathogens combined with adjuvants and provided via immersion or injection. In comparison, live vaccines can simulate a whole pathogenic illness and elicit a strong immune response, making them better suited for oral or immersion-based therapy methods to control diseases. Advanced approaches in vaccine development involve targeting specific pathogenic components, including the use of recombinant genes and proteins. Vaccines produced using these techniques, some of which are currently commercially available, appear to elicit and promote higher levels of immunity than conventional fish vaccines. These technological advancements are promising for developing sustainable production processes for commercially important aquatic species. In this review, we explore the multitude of studies on fish bacterial pathogens undertaken in the last decade as well as the recent advances in vaccine development for aquaculture.
Introduction
Cutaneous metastasis of urothelial carcinoma is a rare occurrence, accounting for a small percentage of skin metastases in cancer patients. This case presentation highlights the ...importance of considering cutaneous metastasis in patients with a history of urologic malignancy presenting with new dermal nodules.
Case presentation
A 79‐year‐old male with a history of papillary urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and metastasis to the rectum presented with a painful and pruritic rash in the right inguinal region. Physical examination revealed firm papulonodules forming confluent, hyperpigmented to violaceous plaques. A punch biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of cutaneous metastasis of urothelial carcinoma based on histopathological and immunohistochemical findings.
Conclusion
While cutaneous metastasis is uncommon in urothelial carcinoma, early recognition and diagnosis are crucial in guiding patient management and setting realistic expectations regarding prognosis. Timely identification of cutaneous lesions can help facilitate appropriate treatment decisions and discussions of goals of care.
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is a non-tuberculous mycobacterium that presents as a nodular granulomatous disease. The bacillus can infect humans when broken skin is exposed to a contaminated aquatic environment.
infections are ...usually isolated to the skin and soft tissues and can spread in a lymphatic distribution. A 26-year-old male cut his right ankle while spelunking in Tulum, Mexico. He presented to his primary care physician three months after he sustained the laceration with a nonhealing wound on the right lateral posterior ankle. Examination of the lesion demonstrated erythematous, violaceous, and hyperpigmented indurated plaques with satellite lesions noted at the right medial, posterior, and lateral ankle. The lesion characteristics raised initial suspicion for an invasive fungal infection. Biopsy of the lesion demonstrated epidermal ulceration covered by neutrophilic serum, marked underlying dermal acute inflammation, and granulation tissue. A mild perivascular, predominantly lymphocytic infiltrate was present in the deep dermis with no evidence of granuloma. Acid-fast bacilli culture plated onto chocolate agar confirmed the species
Introduction The unique dormancy of Mycobacterium tuberculosis plays a significant role in the major clinical treatment challenge of tuberculosis, such as its long treatment cycle, antibiotic ...resistance, immune escape, and high latent infection rate. Methods To determine the function of MtrA, the only essential response regulator, one strategy was developed to establish its regulatory network according to high-quality genome-wide binding sites. Results and discussion The complex modulation mechanisms were implied by the strong bias distribution of MtrA binding sites in the noncoding regions, and 32.7% of the binding sites were located inside the target genes. The functions of 288 potential MtrA target genes predicted according to 294 confirmed binding sites were highly diverse, and DNA replication and damage repair, lipid metabolism, cell wall component biosynthesis, cell wall assembly, and cell division were the predominant pathways. Among the 53 pathways shared between dormancy/resuscitation and persistence, which accounted for 81.5% and 93.0% of the total number of pathways, respectively, MtrA regulatory genes were identified not only in 73.6% of their mutual pathways, but also in 75.4% of the pathways related to dormancy/resuscitation and persistence respectively. These results suggested the pivotal roles of MtrA in regulating dormancy/resuscitation and the apparent relationship between dormancy/resuscitation and persistence. Furthermore, the finding that 32.6% of the MtrA regulons were essential in vivo and/or in vitro for M. tuberculosis provided new insight into its indispensability. The findings mentioned above indicated that MtrA is a novel promising therapeutic target for tuberculosis treatment since the crucial function of MtrA may be a point of weakness for M. tuberculosis .
Where’s the line/tube? Ahmed, Aadil
SA journal of radiology,
01/2015, Volume:
19, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
Radiologists are confronted with a spectrum of catheters placed in various locations in routine radiology practice and have to be familiar with the different catheters, their uses and acceptable ...positioning for suggested safe practice. The commonly used vascular and nonvascular catheters are described and discussed in this brief guide.
Hematopathologists are witnessing very exciting times, as a new era of unsurpassed technological advances is unfolding exponentially, enhancing our understanding of diseases at the genomic and ...molecular levels. In the evolving field of precision medicine, our contributions as hematopathologists to medical practice are of paramount importance. Social media platforms such as Twitter have helped facilitate and enrich our professional interactions and collaborations with others in our field and in other medical disciplines leading to a more holistic approach to patient care. These platforms also have created a novel means for instantaneous dissemination of new findings and recent publications, and are proving to be increasingly useful tools that can be harnessed to expand our knowledge and amplify our presence in the medical community. In this Editorial, we share our experience as hematopathologists with Twitter, and how we leveraged this platform to boost scholarly activities within and beyond our subspecialty, and as a powerful medium for worldwide dissemination of educational material and to promote our remote teaching activities during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Process lifecycle has several stages, including process design covered in multiple stages. Process economics is a vital factor in finalizing the process design. Besides economics, inherent safety is ...an important concept contributing to sustainable process design generation. The inherent safety concept has been applied via equipment characteristics for individual equipment. Since a method considering inherent safety with equipment aspects and process economics has not been available, therefore, a new method has been proposed, namely sustainable process design for heat exchanger network (SPDHEN), to integrate inherent safety, equipment aspects, and process economics. SPDHEN uses indexing to identify the critical heat exchanger, which is then examined via hazard analysis for an explosion. For unacceptable hazards, inherent safety principles are engaged to generate design alternatives for which process economics is examined too. The final design would be inherently safer with the best profit margin. The proposed method has been studied for the ammonia synthesis loop. It is concluded that the explosion hazard has been reduced to a tolerable level by using inherent guide words with a marginal compromise on quantity of ammonia produced, that is, 0.32%. This method is straightforward and can be useful for process engineers to generate sustainable process designs for heat exchanger networks considering safety and process economics simultaneously.
Sustainable process design method for heat exchanger network is developed for earlier design stages. Here, inherent safety is considered via relative ranking indexing for equipment approach. Profit is considered to define the cost aspect for design selection. In this work, process condition is the focused design error and tackled via moderation guideword. For developed method, ammonia synthesis is studied and results are compared with available research.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives/Hypothesis
To determine the feasibility, reliability, and validity of an objective surgical assessment tool designed to measure the development of tonsillectomy skills by resident trainees ...in the operating room. A tonsillectomy evaluation instrument created previously serves as a basis for this tool, which incorporates many similar concepts but was optimized to maximize feasibility and reliability with simplified anchors and inclusion of global and task‐specific sections.
Study Design
Prospective longitudinal validation study.
Methods
Faculty input via modified Delphi technique was used to develop a new objective structured assessment of technical skills–based instrument for tonsillectomy. The task‐specific checklist (TSC) and global rating scale (GRS) measured tonsillectomy technical skills and overall surgical performance, respectively. Twenty‐one otolaryngology–head and neck residents (ranging from postgraduate year 1 to 6) were evaluated for a period of 3 years by 11 faculty members.
Results
Eighty‐three evaluations were completed showing strong correlation between both instruments (r = 0.95, P < .001). Our tool demonstrated construct validity for both TSC and GRS, showing higher scores with increasing surgical experience. Both instruments showed high interitem reliability with Cronbach α coefficients of 0.97 for both parts.
Conclusions
This assessment tool is a feasible, reliable, and valid instrument for the assessment of surgical competency in tonsillectomy. It is effective in providing structured feedback at the end of each procedure, which encourages specific, targeted development. Laryngoscope, 2013
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