The article discusses the use of diff erent languages in the development of documents in the institutions of the European Union. It is explored by measuring various aspects of competition between ...languages. Measuring instruments are the polylingualism coeffi cient, the language integration index and the index of language monopolization. The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of integration processes in the European Union on the competition of languages and to assess the using of languages in the production of original documents in the European Parliament, the European Commission and the Council of the European Union, as well as in the proceedings of the Court of Justice of the EU. The linguistic capital of the population of the Union is also assessed on the basis of the proposed author’s original methodology. The results of the research show that there is a strong trend towards an increase in language monopolization in all of the above mentioned EU institutions. The diff erence is that EU judges favor the French language, while the European bureaucracy prefers English. The author thinks that the EU member states that joined European integration after 2005 is a serious factor. They hastened the monopolization of the English language. The EU population aged 15 and over shows the opposite trend. Their level of linguistic competition was growing. The reasons for this were the recent waves of expansion of the Union and migration. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the conditions for the growth of language competition have changed in the EU. If by 2000 it took place in the environment of stable bilingualism of the population of the Union, then in 2005 and 2012 it is characterized by the dominance of monolingualism with trends of its further growth. The European bureaucracy can continue to strengthen the economic motivation for learning English and position it as “minimally ethnized” and the only intercultural communication medium in the EU. In this sense, Brexit is more likely to be a factor not so much weakening as a further strengthening of the competitive position of the English language in the Union.
The annual mortality of patients with clinically pronounced symptoms of chronic heart failure in the Russian Federation reaches 26-29%, i.e., from 880 to 986 thousand patients with heart failure die ...in the country in one year, which is comparable to the population of a large city. Providing care for patients with heart failure places a heavy burden on the country's health care system, making a significant contribution to mortality rates, hospitalization rates, including readmissions, which in turn requires considerable costs. The article presents an overview of registry studies that are devoted to assessing the effectiveness of diagnostics, the completeness of examinations, as well as the adequacy of ongoing drug treatment.
Background. Comorbidity in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) makes a major impact to the course of both the underlying and concomitant diseases, significantly worsens the prognosis and ...increases mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Improving specialized treatment within the framework of a three-tier model of providing medical care to patients with CHF is a healthcare priority.
Aim. Analysis of the frequency of comorbid conditions in patients with CHF included in the CHF registry in the Tyumen region.
Materials and methods. The study was conducted using the CHF register method, which has been operating in the Tyumen region since January 2020. Medical data from outpatient cards and discharge reports were entered by doctors from 9 polyclinics with an attached population, 1 consultative polyclinic, hospitals, on the basis of which there are outpatient CHF rooms in the structure of polyclinics in the city of Tobolsk, Zavodoukovsk, with. Nizhnyaya Tavda, Yalutorovsk, Tyumen Region, Ural Federal District. The study included medical data of 5741 patients with CHF I–IV functional classes (FC). Gender, clinical-instrumental and laboratory data, non-cardiac and cardiac diseases according to the International Classification of Diseases of the 10th revision were entered into a single map of the CHF registry.
Results. In the study sample of patients with CHF, whose average age was 70.0±9.7 years, 2331 (40.6%) were men and 3410 (59.4%) were women. The most common cardiovascular diseases were: coronary artery disease – 55.4%, HD – 22.5% and HRT – 13.5% of cases. Among concomitant diseases of non-cardiac reasons, diabetes mellitus was most often noted – in 31.5% of cases, chronic kidney disease – in 31.1% and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – in 10% of cases. Concomitant diseases were more common in patients with CHF of functional classes III–IV.
Conclusion. Maintaining a register of CHF and analyzing register data makes it possible to assess the required volume of medical care, plan the necessary time, material, economic and organizational resources and take into account possible difficulties in diagnosis, treatment and outpatient monitoring.
The influence of the nuclear medium on the production of charged hadrons in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering has been studied by the HERMES experiment at DESY using a 27.5 GeV positron beam. ...The differential multiplicity of charged hadrons and identified charged pions from nitrogen relative to that from deuterium has been measured as a function of the virtual photon energy \(\nu\) and the fraction z of this energy transferred to the hadron. There are observed substantial reductions of the multiplicity ratio \(R_M^{h}\) at low \(\nu\) and at high z, both of which are well described by a gluon-bremsstrahlung model of hadronization. A significant difference of the \(\nu\)-dependence of \(R_M^{h}\) is found between positive and negative hadrons. This is interpreted in terms of a difference between the formation times of protons and pions, using a phenomenological model to describe the \(\nu\)- and z-dependence of \(R_M^{h}\).
The article is devoted to the institution of parole from serving a sentence (hereinafter — parole) as an important incentive for law-abiding behavior of convicts in Russia and some foreign countries. ...A comparative legal analysis of the conditions for the use of this incentive institution in order to optimize the domestic criminal and penal legislation, taking into account foreign experience, is carried out. Reflected proposals to improve the efficiency of the parole mechanism in law enforcement practice. The authors reveal the grounds and conditions for the use of the incentive institute of parole in some countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter — the CIS), as well as in England, Germany, USA, Spain, Switzerland, etc. Particular attention is paid to the issue of parole in relation to those sentenced to life imprisonment freedom. Based on the study of the positive experience of developed foreign countries (England, Germany, Switzerland), it is proposed to change the parole mechanism in relation to life-sentenced prisoners in Russia and to provide for the possibility of transferring these persons with positively characterized behavior after serving at least 15 years of their sentence from the penal colony of the special regime in the penal colony with a strict regime, as well as to reduce the obligatory term of serving the sentence for the onset of parole in relation to those sentenced to life imprisonment from 25 to 20 years. In order to reduce recidivism among those on parole and reduce the number of those sentenced to punishments not related to isolation from society, it seems expedient, based on the experience of some CIS countries, to provide for the possibility of parole in relation to those sentenced to punishment in the form of correctional labor and restraint of freedom.
Exclusive Formula omitted-meson electroproduction is studied by the HERMES experiment, using the 27.6 GeV longitudinally polarized electron/positron beam of HERA and a transversely polarized hydrogen ...target, in the kinematic region 1.0 GeV Formula omitted 7.0 GeV Formula omitted, 3.0 GeV Formula omitted 6.3 GeV, and Formula omitted 0.4 GeV Formula omitted. Using an unbinned maximum-likelihood method, 25 parameters are extracted. These determine the real and imaginary parts of the ratios of several helicity amplitudes describing Formula omitted-meson production by a virtual photon. The denominator of those ratios is the dominant amplitude, the nucleon-helicity-non-flip amplitude Formula omitted, which describes the production of a longitudinal Formula omitted-meson by a longitudinal virtual photon. The ratios of nucleon-helicity-non-flip amplitudes are found to be in good agreement with those from the previous HERMES analysis. The transverse target polarization allows for the first time the extraction of ratios of a number of nucleon-helicity-flip amplitudes to Formula omitted. Results obtained in a handbag approach based on generalized parton distributions taking into account the contribution from pion exchange are found to be in good agreement with these ratios. Within the model, the data favor a positive sign for the Formula omitted transition form factor. By also exploiting the longitudinal beam polarization, a total of 71 Formula omitted spin-density matrix elements is determined from the extracted 25 parameters, in contrast to only 53 elements as directly determined in earlier analyses.
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The impact of integration processes on language learning and usage is traditionally evaluated in the literature through the prism of sociolinguistics or soft power. This article proposes a new ...conceptual approach based on measuring various aspects of competition between languages. The language integration and monopolisation indices and the multilingualism coefficient serve as measurement tools. The approach is tested on the situation in the Baltic region of the EU. The article uses data from Eurostat, Eurobarometer, and the Baltic statistical offices to analyse the performance of Baltic language markets by assessing the impact of EU integration on the use of languages in the region. The findings show a growing tendency towards multilingualism in countries participating in integration associations. Integration bodies, however, do not give one language precedence over others but encourage the interpenetration of the languages of their leading economies. The main factor behind the demand for a language is the strength of commodity and labour markets in the country where it is spoken.
The article concludes that close economic and political integration stimulates heterochronous processes in supranational associations. The first one is increasing monopolisation in the language market of the association and the language markets of its sub-regions. The second process is a decrease in monopolisation in national language markets.
The time-of-flight technique for the HERMES experiment Airapetian, A.; Akopov, N.; Amarian, M. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
03/2005, Volume:
540, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
This paper describes the use of the time-of-flight (TOF) technique as a particle identification method for the HERMES experiment. The TOF is measured by two
1
×
4
m
2
scintillation hodoscopes that ...initially were designed only for the first-level trigger. However, the suitable time structure of the HERA electron beam allows an extension of their functions to also measure the TOF for low momentum hadron identification. Using only these conventional hodoscopes, good particle identification was achieved for protons and pions in the momentum range up to
2.9
GeV
/
c
and for kaons up to
1.5
GeV
/
c
.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A comprehensive collection of results on longitudinal double-spin asymmetries is presented for charged pions and kaons produced in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering of electrons and positrons ...on the proton and deuteron, based on the full HERMES data set. The dependence of the asymmetries on hadron transverse momentum and azimuthal angle extends the sensitivity to the flavor structure of the nucleon beyond the distribution functions accessible in the collinear framework. No strong dependence on those variables is observed. In addition, the hadron charge-difference asymmetry is presented, which under certain model assumptions provides access to the helicity distributions of valence quarks.
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