Summary
Plant‐based dietary interventions have been proposed to reduce obesity induced chronic low‐grade inflammation and hence prevent chronic disease risk; however, human evidence remains unclear. ...This systematic review and meta‐analysis of intervention trials aimed to assess the effect of plant‐based diets on obesity‐related inflammatory biomarker profiles. Medline, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched for articles published until January 2016 and mean differences in biomarkers of inflammatory status were assessed for: C‐reactive protein (CRP), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐ɑ), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM), leptin, adiponectin and resistin. Of initially identified 2,583 publications, 29 met the meta‐analysis inclusion criteria a total of 2,689 participants. Consumption of plant‐based diets was associated with a reduction in the mean concentrations of the following biomarkers: CRP effect size, −0.55 mg/l, 95% confidence intervals (CI): −0.78; −0.32, I2 = 94.4%, IL‐6 effect size, −0.25 ng/l, 95% CI: −0.56; 0.06, I2 = 74%, and, to some degree, sICAM (−25.07 ng/ml 95% CI: −52.32; 2.17, I2 = 93.2%). No substantial effects were revealed for TNF‐ɑ, resistin, adiponectin and leptin. Plant‐based diets are associated with an improvement in obesity‐related inflammatory profiles and could provide means for therapy and prevention of chronic disease risk.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Little is known about relation of overall breakfast quality with cardiometabolic risk factors. Therefore, this study aimed to explore sex-specific associations between breakfast quality and ...cardiometabolic risk profiles in a sample of an upper middle-aged German population.
Cardiometabolic profiles of 339 men and 329 women were cross-sectionally assessed using an overall biomarker score (BScore), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1
), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). Overall breakfast quality was assessed by using (i) an a-priori defined breakfast quality score (BQS) and (ii) data-driven breakfast patterns based on principal component analysis (PCA). Multiple linear regression models for association of breakfast quality with all outcomes were adjusted for all potential confounders including overall diet quality.
After adjustment for all potential confounders the BQS was inversely associated with the BScore (regression beta with 95% Confidence Interval: -0.29 (052-0.06)) and HbA1c (-0.12 (-0.21, -0.04)) in men; whereas no such associations were observed in women. Four breakfast (B) patterns were identified: B-processed-food pattern, B-cereal pattern, B-high fat pattern and B-dairy & cereal pattern. The B-processed-food pattern was positively associated with HbA1c (0.09(0.01, 0.18)), BMI (0.16 (0.06, 0.26)), and WC (0.17 (0.8, 0.26)) in men, and BMI (0.13 (0.1, 0.25)) and WC (0.11(0.01.0.22)) in women. The B-cereal pattern was inversely associated with BScore (-0.23 (-0.45, -0.01)) and BMI (-0.11 (-0.20, -0.01)) in men and WC(-0.16 (-0.27, -0.05)) in women. The B-dairy & cereal pattern was also inversely associated with BScore (-0.26 (-0.48, -0.04)) in men but not in women.
The overall breakfast quality was cross-sectionally associated with a healthier cardiometabolic profile, especially in upper-middle age men, independent of overall dietary quality. Such analyses should be supplemented by studies investigating the circadian sequence of food intake and metabolic consequences including hard disease endpoints.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, VSZLJ, ZAGLJ
Numerous studies have already established that autophagy plays a central role in the survival of all cells, including malignant ones. Autophagy is a central cog in the general mechanism that provides ...the intracellular proteostasis determining cellular physiological and phenotypic characteristics. The accumulated data show that autophagy largely contributes to cancer cell stemness. Thus, autophagy modulation is considered one of the promising pharmacological targets in therapy aimed at cancer stem cell elimination. However, autophagy is a multi-stage intracellular process that involves numerous protein participants. In addition, the process can be activated simultaneously by various signaling modules. Therefore, it is no small feat to select an effective pharmacological drug against autophagy. What's more, the search for potential chemotherapeutic agents that could eliminate cancer stem cells through pharmacological inhibition of autophagy is still under way. In the present work, we selected a panel of autophagy inhibitors (Autophinib, SBI-0206965, Siramesine, MRT68921, and IITZ-01), some of whom have been recently identified as effective autophagy inhibitors in cancer cells. Using A549 cancer cells, which express the core stem factors Oct4 and Sox2, we evaluated the effect of these drugs on the survival and preservation of the original properties of cancer stem cells. Among the agents selected, only Autophinib demonstrated a significant toxic effect on cancer stem cells. The obtained results demonstrate that autophagy inhibition by Autophinib downregulates the expression of the Sox2 protein in A549 cells, and that this downregulation correlates with a pronounced induction of apoptosis. Moreover, Autophinib-treated A549 cells are unable to form spheroids, which indicates a reduction in stemness. Thus, among the drugs studied, only Autophinib can be considered a potential agent against cancer stem cells.
Adipokines could pose a link between adiposity, systemic inflammation and metabolic disease risk. However, it is unclear whether representative biomarkers are methodologically suitable for use in ...human obesity research.
We assessed the intra-individual reproducibility of selected adipokines in a sample of 207, apparently healthy, participants with available biosample collections over a 4-month period. Concentrations of the following adipokines were measured at each sampling time point: fatty-acid binding protein-4 (FABP-4), lipocalin-2, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), procalcitonin, progranulin, vaspin and visfatin/Nampt. We calculated intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and examined Bland-Altman plots.
The analyses suggested an overall good to excellent biomarker reproducibility over 4 months: FABP-4: ICC=0.73 (95% confidence interval: 0.65, 0.78), lipocalin-2: 0.64 (0.55, 0.71), MCP-1: 0.85 (0.81; 0.89), procalcitonin: 0.78 (0.72, 0.83), progranulin: 0.59 (0.50, 0.68) and vaspin: 0.86 (0.82, 0.89). A good agreement of the repeated measurements was further supported by the Bland-Altman plots. No substantial differences in biomarker performance according to adiposity status could be observed. Reliability of visfatin/Nampt could not be assessed due to a high number of measurements below the lower limit of detection.
Results suggest that single measurements of the evaluated adipokines could be used in population-based studies aimed to assess links between obesity, inflammation and metabolic diseases.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
While the relationship between body mass index as an indicator of excess body weight and the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is well established, the association between body weight gain in adulthood ...and risk of CRC remains unresolved. We quantified this association in a meta‐analysis of 12 observational studies published until November 2014 with a total of 16,151 incident CRC cases. Random effect models were used to obtain summary relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Between‐study heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics. Overall, the summary RR (95% CI) was 1.22 (1.14–1.30) for high body weight gain (midpoint: 15.2 kg) compared with stable weight (P for heterogeneity = 0.182; I² = 21.2%). In a dose‐response analysis, each 5 kg weight gain was associated with a 4% (95% CI: 2%–5%) higher risk of CRC. The association persisted after adjustment for body weight at younger age and was present for both men and women, as well as for colon and rectal cancer. Differences by sex were detected for colon cancer (P for interaction = 0.003, with higher risk for men than women), but not for rectal cancer (P for interaction = 0.613). In conclusion, these data underscore the importance of body weight management from early adulthood onwards for the prevention of CRC development.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Higher milk intake has been associated with a lower stroke risk, but not with risk of CHD. Residual confounding or reverse causation cannot be excluded. Therefore, we estimated the causal association ...of milk consumption with stroke and CHD risk through instrumental variable (IV) and gene-outcome analyses. IV analysis included 29 328 participants (4611 stroke; 9828 CHD) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-CVD (eight European countries) and European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands (EPIC-NL) case-cohort studies. rs4988235, a lactase persistence (LP) SNP which enables digestion of lactose in adulthood was used as genetic instrument. Intake of milk was first regressed on rs4988235 in a linear regression model. Next, associations of genetically predicted milk consumption with stroke and CHD were estimated using Prentice-weighted Cox regression. Gene-outcome analysis included 777 024 participants (50 804 cases) from MEGASTROKE (including EPIC-CVD), UK Biobank and EPIC-NL for stroke, and 483 966 participants (61 612 cases) from CARDIoGRAM, UK Biobank, EPIC-CVD and EPIC-NL for CHD. In IV analyses, each additional LP allele was associated with a higher intake of milk in EPIC-CVD (β = 13·7 g/d; 95 % CI 8·4, 19·1) and EPIC-NL (36·8 g/d; 95 % CI 20·0, 53·5). Genetically predicted milk intake was not associated with stroke (HR per 25 g/d 1·05; 95 % CI 0·94, 1·16) or CHD (1·02; 95 % CI 0·96, 1·08). In gene-outcome analyses, there was no association of rs4988235 with risk of stroke (OR 1·02; 95 % CI 0·99, 1·05) or CHD (OR 0·99; 95 % CI 0·95, 1·03). Current Mendelian randomisation analysis does not provide evidence for a causal inverse relationship between milk consumption and stroke or CHD risk.
The type and quantity of dietary carbohydrate as quantified by glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), and dietary fiber may influence the risk of liver and biliary tract cancers, but convincing ...evidence is lacking.
The association between dietary GI/GL and carbohydrate intake with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; N = 191), intrahepatic bile duct (IBD; N = 66), and biliary tract (N = 236) cancer risk was investigated in 477 206 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Dietary intake was assessed by country-specific, validated dietary questionnaires. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated from proportional hazard models. HBV/HCV status was measured in a nested case–control subset.
Higher dietary GI, GL, or increased intake of total carbohydrate was not associated with liver or biliary tract cancer risk. For HCC, divergent risk estimates were observed for total sugar = 1.43 (1.17–1.74) per 50 g/day, total starch = 0.70 (0.55–0.90) per 50 g/day, and total dietary fiber = 0.70 (0.52–0.93) per 10 g/day. The findings for dietary fiber were confirmed among HBV/HCV-free participants 0.48 (0.23–1.01). Similar associations were observed for IBD dietary fiber = 0.59 (0.37–0.99) per 10 g/day, but not biliary tract cancer.
Findings suggest that higher consumption of dietary fiber and lower consumption of total sugars are associated with lower HCC risk. In addition, high dietary fiber intake could be associated with lower IBD cancer risk.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background . Accommodation disorders in children with hypermetropia is one of the main factors in emmetropization disorders and maintenance of image defocusing. The most severe changes ...in accommodation are observed in children with anisometropia and hyperopia. The aim of the work . To evaluate the changes in the accommodative function of the eye in children with hyperopia, amblyopia, who underwent refractive laser surgery (RLS), as well as in children with spectacle and contact lens correction in combination with pleoptic treatment. Methods and materials . Group 1 consisted of 30 children after RLS; group 2 consisted of 29 children who had spectacle correction; group 3 consisted of 26 children who had soft contact lens correction; all children received pleoptic treatment. Clinical examination included the analysis of objective reserves of relative accommodation (RRA) and objective accommodative response (OAR) with an open field autorefractometer, and the results of accommodation measurement. Results . In 1.5 years, statistically significant changes were observed in the coefficient of accommodation response (CAR) of the amblyopic eye between the groups 1 and 2 – 0.12 ± 0.02 and 0.00 ± 0.1 relative units, respectively (p = 0.01). Similar statistically significant changes were obtained in OAR and objective RRA of the amblyopic eye. OAR in the group 1 was –2.1 ± 0.67 dpt, in the group 2 – –1.38 ± 0.19 dpt (p = 0.01). At the end of the observation, the OAR in the group 1 was –2.1 ± 0.67 dpt, the objective RRA – –2.1 ± 0.67 dpt; in the group 2 the OAR was –1.38 ± 0.19 dpt (p = 0.01), the objective RRA – –1.38 ± 0.19 dpt (p = 0.01). There were no statistically significant changes in these parameters of the amblyopic eye between the groups 1 and 3. Conclusion . There was an improvement of accommodation disorders in children with anisometropia, hyperopia and amblyopia after refractive laser surgery and in children with contact lens correction. Due to a decrease in the refractive indices of the amblyopic eye, the values of CAR, OAR and objective RRA after refractive laser surgery tended to be closer to the normal values.
Colorectal adenomas are known as precursors for the majority of colorectal carcinomas. While weight gain during adulthood has been identified as a risk factor for colorectal cancer, the association ...is less clear for colorectal adenomas. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the evidence on this association.
We searched Medline up to September 2016 to identify observational (prospective, cross-sectional and retrospective) studies on weight gain during adulthood and colorectal adenoma occurrence and recurrence. We conducted meta-analysis on high weight gain versus stable weight, linear and non-linear dose–response meta-analyses to analyze the association. Summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using a random effects model.
For colorectal adenoma occurrence, the summary OR was 1.39 (95% CI: 1.17–1.65;I2: 43%,N = 9 studies, cases = 5507) comparing high (midpoint: 17.4 kg) versus stable weight gain during adulthood and with each 5 kg weight gain the odds increased by 7% (2%–11%;I2: 65%,N = 7 studies). Although there was indication of non-linearity (Pnon-linearity < 0.001) there was an increased odds of colorectal adenoma throughout the whole range of weight gain. Three studies were identified investigating the association between weight gain and colorectal adenoma recurrence and data were limited to draw firm conclusions.
Even a small amount of adult weight gain was related to a higher odds of colorectal adenoma occurrence. Our findings add to the benefits of weight control in adulthood regarding colorectal adenoma occurrence, which might be relevant for early prevention of colorectal cancer.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Purpose
Several studies implicated a crosstalk between bone and fat in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Few studies indicated an association between adiponectin and omentin-1 on the bone remodeling ...process and bone mineral density, and suggested osteoprotegerin (OPG) as a mediator of this relationship. However, only limited evidence on this relationship is available in humans. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between omentin-1, adiponectin and broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) in peri-/premenopausal and postmenopausal women, and to assess the role of OPG as a possible mediator.
Methods
Data from the German population-based EPIC-Potsdam cohort comprising 637 women were analyzed. Multivariable-adjusted ANCOVA including age, BMI, waist circumference, smoking status, education, physical activity, adiponectin or omentin-1 and hormone use was used to investigate potential relationships between the adipokines and BUA levels. A mediation analysis assessed the mediating effect of OPG on the association of BUA and omentin-1 levels.
Results
Peri-/premenopausal women had higher BUA levels (112.5 ± 10.1 dB/MHz), compared to postmenopausal women (106.3 ± 10.0 dB/MHz). In peri-/premenopausal women neither adiponectin nor omentin-1 was significantly associated with BUA. In postmenopausal women, adiponectin was not associated with BUA, but 10 % increase in the omentin-1 concentration was significantly associated with 0.44 dB/MHz lower BUA levels (
p
= 0.01). Omentin-1 was positively associated with OPG (
p
= 0.02); however, OPG was not significantly related to BUA (
p
= 0.62).
Conclusion
Our study provides evidence for an inverse association between circulating omentin-1 and BUA levels in postmenopausal women. However, the present findings do not support a mediating effect of OPG in the adipose tissue–bone pathway.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
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