Architectural form and space, from the very beginning of their creation, weren’t only elements reflecting mere act of building; as the act of human actions, they included proper symbolic presentation ...of a creator's perception of the world. The initial point is that each physical, therefore each architectural form, speaks volumes on more than just their purpose, so it can have symbolic meanings, being proved in history of architecture for such a long time. While observing architectural form, these two questions impose. The first question refers to identifying usable purpose of particular facility, in other words, its function. The second question imposes to identify what are the things that we are reminded of concerning that particular facility. This second question represents search for the meaning in each form that mankind instinctively longs to identify in order to comprehend the world we live in. No matter if we are in natural or building area, everything we are surrounded by has got specific forms recalling certain associations. The aim of this paper is to indicate that pictures appearing as a consequence of close forms and designs represent associations and they should not be compared to symbols. The goal of this research is to contribute to clearer seeing of symbolism of architectural form, in which situations it exists and whether it exists in contemporary architectural forms. This work is based on elements of Gestalt observation theory.
Dosad znanstveno neobrađeni stambeni neboderi arhitekta Stanka Fabrisa izgrađeni u Podgorici dio su njegovih realizacija s početka 60-ih godina 20. stoljeća. Prvi neboderi u ovome gradu i Crnoj Gori ...- dominantni u ortogonalnoj matrici, s nizom funkcionalnih, oblikovnih i tehničko-tehnoloških inovacija zauzimaju posebno mjesto u urbanoj morfologiji i tipologiji kolektivnoga stanovanja na ovim prostorima, ali i u Fabrisovu arhitektonskom opusu.
So far scientifically unexplored, residential skyscrapers by architect Stanko Fabris in Podgorica, represent a part of his realisations from the early 1960s. As first skyscrapers built in this town and in Montenegro, with a series of functional, design and technical-technological innovations, they hold a special place in the urban morphology and typology of collective housing in Podgorica, as well as in Fabris’s architectural body of work.
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Moving within the city, both by vehicle and pedestrian, is a prerequisite of creating visual sequences. A variety of factors should be taken into consideration when planning cities, not only of ...functional nature, but also of the aesthetic one. A particular problem lies in complex cities having a compound identification matrix as a consequence of a boisterous development during long period of time. Considering that the city follows the needs of its user, inevitably moving along it, one of the most important factors required is easy orientation in the complex urban area. Some research has been carried out on the condition of easy orientation and moving in the city, and on appearance of urban elements that provide remembering of the city. This work deals with defining important factors effecting perceiving and memorizing, by inhabitants and also of those visiting it for the first time, regardless they are walking or using a vehicle. Physical structures, topography and a climate and a range of other elements are implied to create a clear idea of some urban area. Many elements were considered - not only being of fixed nature (streets, squares, topography and morphology), but also elements that make the essence of the urban image - elements that can also be some specific public transportation means, such as double-deckers in London, bicycles in Amsterdam or Beijing or gondolas in Venice. The purpose of this work is to notice the rules helping the urban planning process and contribute to reading and memorizing the image of the city.
Unique urban image cannot be experienced without moving within its structure. This paper deals with phenomenology considering changes of images of the city and influential factors closely related to ...it. Infrastructure gives basic structural scheme of every city, so its planning requires a high level proficiency. Some changes in these images can be observed during longer period of time. Sometimes it includes rapid changes of temporal layers, generated by building new urban elements on the exact same place where the old ones existed; while lighter change during the time passing is a regular occurrence. Creating completely new urban frames, caused by expanding the city, represents its dynamical variant. Topography is a significant factor, giving distinctive feature to the urbanity. This paper considers factors identified as generators of the change of the urban image, based on research so far. The structural elements are considered with the utmost attention. The importance of the city landmark, monumental complexes not possessing these features but having the importance in image of the city stability (as well as the inhabitants' memory) are crucial elements of identifying its picture. Another significant factor is related to individual personal experience. However, there are also certain factors of significance features, but not considered within this paper. One such factor is change in coloring, being the special topic itself. The purpose of this work is to indicate that urban planning requires special attention in order to keep continuous nature of the urban image for the city to preserve its visual identity.
This paper, through study case of Montenegro, deals with significance of sophisticated management in process of activation of old urban units and some architectural facilities for tourist purposes. ...Starting fact is that one of the most important segments of tourist offer is immobile cultural heritage, having the value manifested in few segments, emphasizing two most famous. The first one represents urban agglomerations, successfully transposed into tourist offer, while the other segment is vencular residential architecture of indeginous type, which can also contribute to tourist offer with appealing its contents. This work also gives the example of target potentials. Examples mentioned in this work proved as successful and profitable (in economic way). Also, some of examples in the work are opportunities missed because of serious devastation of architectural and urban designing heritage, as well as real chances certain localities have. Specific case analysis proved that management is not present enough and not educated enough - it is far below disposable potentials Montenegro possesses. This work also points, through implemented researches, the degree of personnel, who are in charge for promoting values of traditional architecture for tourist purposes. However, logical conclusion can be drawn that the conscience about quality of old urban entities and vernacular heritage is not developed enough. That initiates requirement for educating managers and forming of multidisciplinar teams so the knowledge could be used for proper valorization of potentials. Significance of proper and qualified personnel is specially emphasized when this topic is studied, because investors are not educated enough on this issue, so disposable means are used for some other things marked and recognised as proper and profitable investments.
This work deals with three distinctive landmarks in urban core of Podgorica. They are: Clock Tower (Sahat Kula, 1667), situated in old town of Podgorica (Stara Varoš); Memorial (1886) dedicated to ...Duke Mirko Petrović in new part of Podgorica, also known as Mirko's town; and Millennium Bridge (2005) on Moraca. The reason for perceiving this issue is the fact that Podgorica, in its urban development, didn't have many facilities representing landmarks, which could be significant parts of greater urban picture. Having in mind a period of construction of these sites, it is clear that a significant temporal distance in building of these objects is to be dealt with. This fact represents an additional possibility of reviewing Podgorica's urban development. According to their typology and purpose, both Clock Tower and Memorial are built in order to be dominant landmarks and symbolic signs. Millennium Bridge, considering its function, didn't have such purpose primarily. However, it gained such reputation and position with its architecture and dynamic features. Clock Tower, before Millennium bridge has been built, represented main landmark of Podgorica. Duke Mirko Petrovic ‘s Memorial couldn't have such function, in the first place, because of its short existence (1886-1918). Also, its objective of a landmark has never been accomplished partially because of citizens’ divided opinions about this memorial, for political reasons
Dosad znanstveno neobrađeni stambeni neboderi arhitekta Stanka Fabrisa izgrađeni u Podgorici dio su njegovih realizacija s početka 60-ih godina 20. stoljeća. Prvi neboderi u ovome gradu i Crnoj Gori ...- dominantni u ortogonalnoj matrici, s nizom funkcionalnih, oblikovnih i tehničko-tehnoloških inovacija zauzimaju posebno mjesto u urbanoj morfologiji i tipologiji kolektivnoga stanovanja na ovim prostorima, ali i u Fabrisovu arhitektonskom opusu.
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Being aware of the surrounding we live in, among other things, means establishing of spatial relationships between oneself and the environment, equally important as relationship between oneself and ...others. Environment consists of facilities and space. Space, „gift by itself“, is defined by terrain topography, sky horizon, plants and animals. The architecture, as a profession, is interested in space created distinctively. Perception, as elementary process of consciousness and psychological life, deals with being conscious about something. In this case, physical structures that create a city. Psychological experience of urban environment is important factor having effect on perception, memorising and orientation in urban space. Gestalt psychology of perceiving is area applying to and significant for architecture either. The importance of vertical lies in its perceiving the gravitation, forming perceiving focus, landmark, for urban units and subunits to be memorised, creating spatial hierarchy and perception logics, remembering and orientation in space. This work analyses reasons for building upright with comparative analyses in their participation in space and on human psychology. This paper’s purpose is to, using fundamental facts, show the importance of vertical buildings, not as a spatial use phenomenon, but also as significant phenomenon.
This paper examines the contribution of Slovenian architects to the architecture of Montenegro in the period of 1960- 1990. This is a period of construction of more quality architectural objects on ...the territory of the Republic of Montenegro, from the end of the World War II up to the disintegration of the common state of Yugoslavia. The observed time period is characterized by intensive construction of objects intended for tourism and culture. Introduction of an institution of the architectural competition by the Association of Architects of Montenegro, has allowed the arrival of new ideas by architects from other republics of former Yugoslavia. This chance was considerably utilized by Slovenian architects Edvard Ravnikar, Marko Mušič and Janez Kobe, and with their works they have made significant contributions to architecture on the Montenegrin area. The time distance shows that the architectural works of Slovenian architects realized in Montenegro have significantly and permanently enriched the architectural heritage and influenced the development of the architectural thought in the local environment. This study uses the term "architecture in Montenegro", according to the authors' point of view that the architectural opus in this area doesn't have the necessary attributes in order to use the qualification "Montenegrin architecture."
This paper defines basic terms of movement and system of reference points in a city. We can conclude that primary difference in the perception of space and spatial orientation depends on the fact ...whether the subject lives in the city or he is a foreigner to that space. In this respect, we can conclude that when it comes to space orientation, foreigners mostly rely on visually and dimensionally strong and visible reference points, which can simultaneously be historical or morphological in terms of their character. On the one hand, the subject who is familiar with the area typically moves within a system of individual reference points. Individual system of reference points does not necessarily require any of the physical features that recommend an object as a reference point. On the other hand, there were numerous theories among which Lynch, after conducting a series of experiments related to space perception, pointed out that orientation depends solely on one’s ability. Based on the analysis of the system of reference points, position of focus points and their relations, we can conclude that Podgorica, as most towns in Montenegro has a problem in terms of visual readability.
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