Transition metal dissolution is an important contributor to capacity fade in lithium-ion cells. NMR relaxation rates are proportional to the concentration of paramagnetic species, making them ...suitable to quantify dissolved transition metals in battery electrolytes. In this work, 7Li, 31P, 19F, and 1H longitudinal and transverse relaxation rates were measured to study LiPF6 electrolyte solutions containing Ni2+, Mn2+, Co2+, or Cu2+ salts and Mn dissolved from LiMn2O4. Sensitivities were found to vary by nuclide and by transition metal. 19F (PF6 –) and 1H (solvent) measurements were more sensitive than 7Li and 31P measurements due to the higher likelihood that the observed species are in closer proximity to the metal center. Mn2+ induced the greatest relaxation enhancement, yielding a limit of detection of ∼0.005 mM for 19F and 1H measurements. Relaxometric analysis of a sample containing Mn dissolved from LiMn2O4 at ∼20 °C showed good sensitivity and accuracy (suggesting dissolution of Mn2+), but analysis of a sample stored at 60 °C showed that the relaxometric quantification is less accurate for heat-degraded LiPF6 electrolytes. This is attributed to degradation processes causing changes to the metal solvation shell (changing the fractions of PF6 –, EC, and EMC coordinated to Mn2+), such that calibration measurements performed with pristine electrolyte solutions are not applicable to degraded solutionsa potential complication for efforts to quantify metal dissolution during operando NMR studies of batteries employing widely-used LiPF6 electrolytes. Ex situ nondestructive quantification of transition metals in lithium-ion battery electrolytes is shown to be possible by NMR relaxometry; further, the method’s sensitivity to the metal solvation shell also suggests potential use in assessing the coordination spheres of dissolved transition metals.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
Less attention has been given to the relationship between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and sleep among adult men, even though they are a group that consumes a large amount of ...sugar-sweetened beverages and who has worse sleep duration than women. The purpose of the current study is to explore the association between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and sleep duration and to investigate how the relationship differs by race and ethnicity among adult men. The current study employed a secondary dataset—the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 for Children and Young Adults. A total of 2609 participants were selected for analysis. A moderation model was employed to explore the moderating effect of race and ethnicity on the relationship between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and sleep duration. The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among adult men was negatively related to their sleep duration (p < 0.01). The association between the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and sleep duration among adult men was moderated by Hispanic identity (p < 0.05). Unlike for White adult men, whose sleep duration may be significantly affected by the reduced consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, addressing other factors such as stress associated with discrimination in the workplace or the job market may be more important to enhance Hispanic adult men’s sleep duration. Alternative options such as unsweetened teas, 100% fruit juice, or water may be emphasized in education may be emphasized to substitute at least some sugar-sweetened beverages to improve adult men’s poor sleep duration.
Invasive migration in 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) is crucial to cancer metastasis, yet little is known of the molecular mechanisms that drive reorganization of the cytoskeleton as cancer cells ...disseminate in vivo. 2D Rac-driven lamellipodial migration is well understood, but how these features apply to 3D migration is not clear. We find that lamellipodia-like protrusions and retrograde actin flow are indeed observed in cells moving in 3D ECM. However, Rab-coupling protein (RCP)-driven endocytic recycling of α5β1 integrin enhances invasive migration of cancer cells into fibronectin-rich 3D ECM, driven by RhoA and filopodial spike-based protrusions, not lamellipodia. Furthermore, we show that actin spike protrusions are Arp2/3-independent. Dynamic actin spike assembly in cells invading in vitro and in vivo is regulated by Formin homology-2 domain containing 3 (FHOD3), which is activated by RhoA/ROCK, establishing a novel mechanism through which the RCP-α5β1 pathway reprograms the actin cytoskeleton to promote invasive migration and local invasion in vivo.
Cell migration is a vital process in development and disease, and while the mechanisms that control motility are relatively well understood on two‐dimensional surfaces, the control of cell migration ...in three dimensions (3D) and in vivo has only recently begun to be understood. Vesicle trafficking pathways have emerged as a key regulatory element in migration and invasion, with the endocytosis and recycling of cell surface cargos, including growth factor and chemokine receptors, adhesion receptors and membrane‐associated proteases, being of major importance. We highlight recent advances in our understanding of how endocytic trafficking controls the availability and local activity of these cargoes to influence the movement of cells in 3D matrix and in developing organisms. In particular, we discuss how endocytic trafficking of different receptor classes spatially restricts signals and activity, usually to the leading edge of invasive cells.
Vesicle trafficking pathways control the delivery of cargos to and from the plasma membrane, and thus regulate their availability. Here, we review the function of endocytic trafficking in mediating the cell surface localization and local activity, through spatial restriction, of key cargoes that drive cell migration and invasion in three‐dimensional matrix and in vivo.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Understanding changes in vaccine hesitancy, overall and by sociodemographic characteristics, may highlight sub-populations for whom more intensive efforts are needed to increase vaccine uptake and ...confidence.
We analyzed data using the CDC's Research and Development Survey (RANDS), a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults ≥18 years, collected from 17 May 2021-30 June 2021 (
= 5,458) and 3 November 2022-12 December 2022 (
= 6,821). We assessed changes in vaccine hesitancy, changes in vaccine attitudes and attitudes, and factors associated with hesitancy toward both vaccines in general and COVID-19 vaccines among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults.
Although COVID-19 vaccination (≥1 dose) increased from 67.2% (2021) to 74.7% (2022), COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy increased from 40.7% to 44.6% during the same period. During the same period, hesitancy toward both COVID-19 vaccines and vaccines in general increased among those who were aged ≥65 years and who were non-Hispanic White. However, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy decreased among non-Hispanic Black adults. Current or former smokers were more hesitant toward vaccines in general (aPR = 1.13, 95%CI: 1.03-1.24) and toward COVID-19 vaccines (aPR = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.01-1.16) compared to never smokers. Among adults who did not receive any COVID-19 vaccines, COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy increased from 86.6% in 2021 to 92.4% in 2022. Furthermore, belief in the overall social benefit of the COVID-19 vaccine decreased from 47.5% to 25.1%.
This study highlights concerning trends in vaccine hesitancy and uptake of the COVID-19 and other recommended vaccines. We found that some high-risk groups (e.g. smokers) and population subgroups have become more vaccine hesitant, suggesting the need for improved and intensified strategies to increase vaccine confidence and uptake. Future research may focus on qualitative inquiry to understand specific concerns and determinants contributing to increased hesitancy among these groups to help inform interventions and communication campaigns to support vaccination.
Background
Callous‐unemotional (CU) traits are related to low achievement but not to deficits in verbal ability, commonly regarded as a major risk factor for poor academic outcomes in antisocial ...youth. This suggests that CU traits may have utility in explaining heterogeneous risk pathways for poor school performance in antisocial children. Reduced sensitivity to teacher discipline has been suggested as a potential explanation for the association between CU traits and low achievement, given its importance in facilitating engagement in learning. This study is the first to examine punishment insensitivity as a potential mechanism explaining the relationship between CU traits and poor achievement.
Aim
The current study investigated the indirect pathway from CU traits via the predictor of punishment insensitivity to English, Maths, and Science grades.
Sample
A total of 437 English secondary school students aged 11 to 14 years (49% girls).
Methods
We conducted a mediation analysis within a structural equation modelling framework. CU traits and punishment insensitivity were assessed using child report questionnaires and academic grades were obtained from school records.
Results
CU traits were indirectly associated with low academic grades in Maths and Science, but not English, via punishment insensitivity, controlling for child age, gender, single parent household status, free school meals eligibility, externalizing problems, and classroom effects.
Conclusions
Findings indicated that reduced sensitivity to discipline forms a pathway linking CU traits to poor performance in Maths and Science. Teachers may therefore need additional support to implement discipline effectively with children high in CU traits in order to prevent poor academic outcomes.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This study explores the relationship between young women's consumption of healthy and unhealthy food and depression and examines the moderating effect of their employment status on the relationship.
...The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY) was used for this study. The final sample included a total of 1524 young women aged from 18 to 35 years. Multiple Linear Regression was conducted to answer the research questions.
Fast food consumption was related to higher levels of depression among young women while fruit intake was associated with lower levels of depression. Employment status moderated the relationship between young women's fruit consumption and depression.
Young women are encouraged to consume more fruit and less fast food in order to ameliorate depression. Programs that target young women's mental health should consider addressing their nutritional needs, through, for example, vouchers for fresh, nutritious foods; nutrition or cooking education; or having a certified nutrition specialist on staff.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
The impacts of income and education on mental health have been understudied among young adult men. This study aims to explore the association between income and depression among young adult men, to ...examine how educational attainment influences depression, and to investigate how educational attainment moderates the relationship between income and depression among young adult men. We used the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 79 for Children and Young Adults (NLSY79 CY). A total of 1084 young adult men were selected for the final sample. The PROCESS macro 3.4 for Statistical Product and Service Solutions was used for analysis. Both income and educational attainment were negatively related to depression among young adult men. We found a significant interaction effect, indicating that educational attainment moderated the relationship between income and depression among young adult men. The effect of educational attainment on depression was greater for young adult men who earned a lower income compared to those who earned a higher income. Job training programs and other employment assistance should be provided to young adult men to help them to gain employment and job security, as well as to indirectly reduce their levels of depression. Increased access to higher education may also help men attain higher-paying jobs, which may buffer against depression. We suggest that men who have not received higher education receive access to job training programs and programs for job searching and career development to bolster their earnings potential, which thus may reduce depression.
Endometrioid endometrial cancer is strongly associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Metformin, an insulin sensitizer, reduces endometrial tumor growth
. Presurgical window studies allow rapid
...assessment of antitumor activity. Previous window studies found metformin reduced endometrial cancer proliferation but these lacked methodological rigor. PREMIUM measured the anti-proliferative effect of metformin
using a robust window study design.
A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomized women with atypical hyperplasia or endometrioid endometrial cancer to receive metformin (850 mg daily for 3 days, and twice daily thereafter) or placebo for 1 to 5 weeks until surgery. The primary outcome was posttreatment IHC expression of Ki-67. Secondary outcomes investigated the effect of metformin on markers of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR and insulin signaling pathways and obesity.
Eighty-eight women received metformin (
= 45) or placebo (
= 43) and completed treatment. There was no overall difference in posttreatment Ki-67 between the metformin and placebo arms, in an ANCOVA analysis adjusting for baseline Ki-67 expression (mean difference -0.57%; 95% CI, -7.57%-6.42%;
= 0.87). Metformin did not affect expression of markers of the PI3K-Akt-mTOR or insulin signaling pathways, and did not result in weight loss.
Short-term treatment with standard diabetic doses of metformin does not reduce tumor proliferation in women with endometrioid endometrial cancer awaiting hysterectomy. This study does not support a biological effect of metformin in endometrial cancer and casts doubt on its potential application in the primary and adjuvant treatment settings.
A cat of all trades: A single copper catalyst promoted up to three reaction steps with separate catalytic cycles in a domino sequence (azide–alkyne cycloaddition/Goldberg amidation/Camps ...cyclization/(CH arylation)) for the rapid construction of complex heterocycles from three simple components under mild conditions (see scheme). Facile cleavage of the triazole ring enables further elaboration of the condensation products.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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