Inositol plays a role in membrane trafficking and signaling in addition to regulating cellular metabolism and controlling growth. In plants, the myo-inositol-1-phosphate is synthesized from glucose ...6-phosphate in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase (EC 5.5.1.4). Inositol can be converted into phytic acid (phytate), the most abundant form of phosphate in seeds. The path to phytate has been suggested to proceed via the sequential phosphorylation of inositol phosphates, and/or in part via phosphatidylinositol phosphate. Soybean Glycine max (L.) Merrill lines were produced using interfering RNA (RNAi) construct in order to silence the myo-inositol-1-phosphate (GmMIPS1) gene. We have observed an absence of seed development in lines in which the presence of GmMIPS1 transcripts was not detected. In addition, a drastic reduction of phytate (InsP6) content was achieved in transgenic lines (up to 94.5%). Our results demonstrated an important correlation between GmMIPS1 gene expression and seed development.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of leucine supplementation combined with exercise and whey protein in cardiac mTOR anabolic pathway. Ninety-six weanling male Wistar rats were ...divided into eight groups and fed diets containing either casein or WP plus increasing levels (0, 3, 4.5 and 6% of diet) of l-leucine for 30days. A parallel set of eight groups was exercised for comparison. Serum aspartate amino transferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and branched chain amino acids were determined by standard methods, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and p70S6K by the Western blot analysis. Chronic l-leucine supplementation was capable of increasing both mTOR and p70S6K phosphorylation in the heart in a dose-dependent fashion, independent of the type of dietary protein in both groups, sedentary and exercised, but the exercise potentialized the activation of the anabolic pathway. The content of protein in heart increase with l-leucine supplementation and the heart mass relativized by body mass did not change. In conclusion, the combination of l-leucine and milk proteins (casein or whey protein) has the potential to increase the mTOR pathway in the cardiac muscle without increasing the heart mass. The novelty of this study is to show the effectiveness of a blend of leucine and whey protein as a viable alternative to maximize the activation of the anabolic pathway of cardiac muscle and that the exercise can improve this process.
•Activation of the mTOR pathway in the heart stimulated by milk proteins plus leucine was reported.•Milk proteins plus leucine can stimulate the heart phosphorylation of mTOR in rats.•Whey proteins or casein plus 6% leucine did not affect the heart weight.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
The whey proteins are rich sources of leucine and affect mTOR-mediated skeletal muscle protein synthesis. The present authors wished to investigate the dose–response effect of chronic supplementation ...of the whey proteins (WP) with leucine on the anabolic pathway proteins mTOR and p70S6K in the diaphragm of sedentary and exercised Wistar rats. Ninety-six weanling male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups and fed for 30day diets containing either casein or WP, with increasing levels (0, 3, 4.5 and 6% of the diet) of leucine. A parallel set of eight groups was exercised for comparison. Serum uric acid, creatinine, glucose, AST, ALT, CK, LDH and cholesterol, were determined by standard methods, and mTOR and p70S6K, using the Western blot analysis. Leucine supplementation increased both, mTOR and p70S6K in the diaphragm in a dose-dependent way, independent of the type of dietary protein. These changes produced no significant increase in either diaphragm or protein mass.
► Activation of the mTOR pathway in sedentary, trained rats was stimulated by leucine. ► Milk proteins plus leucine can stimulate the diaphragm mTOR response in rats. ► Whey proteins supplemented with 6% of leucine did not affect the diaphragm weight.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
A seven-minute micellar electrokinetic chromatography analytical procedure capable of resolving the five principal phenolic acids in coffee, including the isomers of 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), ...4-CQA and 3-CQA, caffeic acid and ferulic acid is reported. The electrophoretic conditions consisted of an SDS (70
mM)-phosphate (17.6
mM)-methanol (5% v/v) buffer system, pH 2.5, 22.1
°C, −17
kV and detection at 325
nm. The Joule effect and the possible interactions between the buffer components and temperature with respect to peak quality, resolution and selectivity were assessed in the concentration range of 25–900
μg/mL. Performance evaluation of the system used a 3
3–7 factorial design at the 95% confidence level. The lowest correlation coefficient for linearity was 0.99888 for the 4-CQA. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.98 and 4
μg/mL. The method was tested with both green and roasted coffee beans using four systems of extraction.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
While enteral diets for hospitalized patients normally follow nutrient composition guidelines, more than 90% of hospitalized patients receive oral diets with unknown mineral composition.
To evaluate ...the mineral contents and adequacy of three types of oral diets (regular, blend and soft) and complementary snacks offered to patients of a Brazilian hospital.
The amount of minerals was determined in two non-consecutive days in duplicate samples of breakfast, collation, lunch, snack, dinner, supper and a complementary snack meal. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) were used to determine the adequacy of the daily amounts served to patients.
The regular diet met the RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) requirements only for Mn, P and Se, while the blend diet was deficient in Ca, K and Mg, and the soft diet met RDA requirements only for P and Zn. Iron was below the RDA requirement in all diets for women in fertile age, and Na was above the safe limit of intake (UL) in all the diets. The use of complementary snack was effective in meeting RDA requirements for Cu in the regular diet, and Mn and Se in the soft diet, but promoted overconsumption of Na.
Evident nutritional imbalances have been detected at a key interphase between nutrition and public health services, but a solution does not appear to be insurmountable. A permanent nutritional evaluation of hospital oral diets should be an integral part of routine health care in order to speed the recovery of the hospitalized patient and dispel eventual risks due to critical mineral imbalances.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Carotenoid absorbability from arugula (Eruca sativa) was estimated from the contents of the triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRL) of 15 women over a 6 h time interval, yielding an average apparent ...absorption of 0.27 μmole of β-carotene (5.6 μmole intake), whereas a similar intake of standard β-carotene resulted in the absorption of 0.59 μmole. The corresponding rates for the raw and cooked leaves were 18.2 ± 7 and 22.9 ± 13nmole·L-1h-1 (P < 0.05), against 37.1 ± 12nmole·L-1h-1 for β-carotene capsules. For lutein, the apparent mean uptakes were 5.6 ± 4 and 6.7 ± 4nmole·L-1h-1, for the raw and cooked, respectively. It was concluded that the relative loading of β-carotene onto TRLs is favored over that of lutein and that absorbability of these arugula carotenoids by normal adults is substantial.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Chronic energy restriction, α-tocopherol supplementation and their interaction with exhaustive exercise were investigated. Eleven-week-old male Wistar rats (n 6×10) were fed either a control (C), a ...30 % carbohydrate-energy-restricted control (R) or an α-tocopherol-supplemented (S) diet for 5 months. The animals in each diet were divided into exercised (E) and non-exercised (NE) groups. Before killing, the exercised rats were required to run to exhaustion (39 (SE 6), 69 (se 11) and 18 (se 2) min for the C, R and S groups, respectively). Lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances; TBARS), protein damage (reactive carbonyls) and α-tocopherol were determined in gastrocnemius, liver, brain an/r plasma. There was no difference in lipid peroxidation between the R and C groups, but in liver and muscle peroxidation appeared significantly lower in the S than the other two diets. TBARS in the brain were similar in all groups. On the other hand, reactive carbonyls showed that both the R and S diets reduced protein damage in the brain, while exhaustive exercise increased it. For liver and muscle, however, reactive carbonyl levels were similar in all groups. α-Tocopherol supplementation increased the vitamin concentrations in liver, muscle and plasma, but exercise decreased them in plasma and brain. Carbohydrate-energy restriction increased (P=0·0025) resistance to exhaustive exercise considerably without depleting stores of α-tocopherol or exacerbating oxidative damage in monitored tissues. It is concluded that while exhaustive exercise promotes a tissue-specific oxidative damage detectable only in brain proteins, both experimental diets tended to ameliorate this condition.
Sedentary and trained rats fed diets containing either whey protein isolate, whey protein hydrolyzate, or casein, were exhausted in the treadmill. At 24 h post-exhaustion, the myocardial glycogen ...stores were 80%, and glycogen synthase activity 10%, increased in the sedentary group consuming the hydrolyzate. Whey protein hydrolyzate can be a decisive factor in the increase of myocardial glycogen stores only of the sedentary-exhausted animals. These results show that the whey protein hydrolyzate may protect the heart by preparing the stressed cardiomyocyte to readily synthesize glycogen in the sedentary animal, compared to either the whey protein isolate or casein.
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