As part of a long-term project to revisit the kinematics and dynamics of the large disc galaxies of the Local Group, we present the first deep, wide-field (∼42 arcmin × 56 arcmin) 3D-spectroscopic ...survey of the ionized gas disc of Messier 33. Fabry–Perot interferometry has been used to map its Hα distribution and kinematics at unprecedented angular resolution (≲3 arcsec) and resolving power (∼12 600), with the 1.6 m telescope at the Observatoire du Mont Mégantic. The ionized gas distribution follows a complex, large-scale spiral structure, unsurprisingly coincident with the already-known spiral structures of the neutral and molecular gas discs. The kinematical analysis of the velocity field shows that the rotation centre of the Hα disc is distant from the photometric centre by ∼168 pc (sky-projected distance) and that the kinematical major-axis position angle and disc inclination are in excellent agreement with photometric values. The Hα rotation curve agrees very well with the H i rotation curves for 0 < R < 6.5 kpc, but the Hα velocities are 10–20 km s−1 higher for R > 6.5 kpc. The reason for this discrepancy is not well understood. The velocity dispersion profile is relatively flat around 16 km s−1, which is at the low end of velocity dispersions of nearby star-forming galactic discs. A strong relation is also found between the Hα velocity dispersion and the Hα intensity. Mass models were obtained using the Hα rotation curve but, as expected, the dark matter halo's parameters are not very well constrained since the optical rotation curve only extends out to 8 kpc.
We present the kinematic analysis of a sub-sample of 82 galaxies at 0.75 < z < 1.2 from our new survey HR-COSMOS aimed to obtain the first statistical sample to study the kinematics of star-forming ...galaxies in the treasury COSMOS field at 0 < z < 1.2. We observed 766 emission line galaxies using the multi-slit spectrograph ESO-VLT/VIMOS in high-resolution mode (R = 2500). To better extract galaxy kinematics, VIMOS spectral slits have been carefully tilted along the major axis orientation of the galaxies, making use of the position angle measurements from the high spatial resolution HST/ACS COSMOS images. We constrained the kinematics of the sub-sample at 0.75 < z < 1.2 by creating high-resolution semi-analytical models. We established the stellar-mass Tully-Fisher relation at z ≃ 0.9 with high-quality stellar mass measurements derived using the latest COSMOS photometric catalog, which includes the latest data releases of UltraVISTA and Spitzer. In doubling the sample at these redshifts compared with the literature, we estimated the relation without setting its slope, and found it consistent with previous studies in other deep extragalactic fields assuming no significant evolution of the relation with redshift at z ≲ 1. We computed dynamical masses within the radius R2.2 and found a median stellar-to-dynamical mass fraction equal to 0.2 (assuming Chabrier IMF), which implies a contribution of gas and dark matter masses of 80% of the total mass within R2.2, in agreement with recent integral field spectroscopy surveys. We find no dependence of the stellar-mass Tully-Fisher relation with environment probing up to group scale masses. This study shows that multi-slit galaxy surveys remain a powerful tool to derive kinematics for large numbers of galaxies at both high and low redshift.
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Abstract
We use hydrodynamical simulations of a Cartwheel-like ring galaxy, modelled as a nearly head-on collision of a small companion with a larger disc galaxy, to probe the evolution of the ...gaseous structures and flows, and to explore the physical conditions setting the star formation activity. Star formation is first quenched by tides as the companion approaches, before being enhanced shortly after the collision. The ring ploughs the disc material as it radially extends, and almost simultaneously depletes its stellar and gaseous reservoir into the central region, through the spokes, and finally dissolve 200 Myr after the collision. Most of star formation first occurs in the ring before this activity is transferred to the spokes and then the nucleus. We thus propose that the location of star formation traces the dynamical stage of ring galaxies, and could help constrain their star formation histories. The ring hosts tidal compression associated with strong turbulence. This compression yields an azimuthal asymmetry, with maxima reached in the side furthest away from the nucleus, which matches the star formation activity distribution in our models and in observed ring systems. The interaction triggers the formation of star clusters significantly more massive than before the collision, but less numerous than in more classical galaxy interactions. The peculiar geometry of Cartwheel-like objects thus yields a star (cluster) formation activity comparable to other interacting objects, but with notable second order differences in the nature of turbulence, the enhancement of the star formation rate, and the number of massive clusters formed.
Abstract
We present the mass distribution of a sample of 121 nearby galaxies with high-quality optical velocity fields and available infrared Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer(WISE) 3.4 $\mu$m ...data. Contrary to previous studies, this sample covers all morphological types and is not biased towards late-type galaxies. These galaxies are part of the Fabry–Perot kinematical Gassendi HAlpha survey of SPirals survey of spirals and irregular nearby galaxies. Combining the kinematical data to the WISE surface brightness data probing the emission from the old stellar population, we derive mass models allowing us to compare the luminous to the dark matter (DM) halo mass distribution in the optical regions of those galaxies. DM models are constructed using the isothermal core profile and the Navarro–Frenk–White cuspy profile. We allow the mass-to-light ratio (M/L) of the baryonic disc to vary or we keep it fixed, constrained by stellar evolutionary models (WISE W1−W2 colour) and we carry out best fit (BFM) and pseudo-isothermal maximum disc (MDM) models. We found that the MDM provides M/L values four times higher than the BFM, suggesting that disc components, on average, tend to be maximal. The main results are: (i) the rotation curves of most galaxies are better fitted with core rather than cuspy profiles; and (ii) the relation between the parameters of the DM and of the luminous matter components mostly depends on morphological types. More precisely, the distribution of the DM inside galaxies depends on whether or not the galaxy has a bulge.
Context.
The velocity dispersion ellipsoid of gas in galactic discs is usually assumed to be isotropic. Under this approximation, no projection effect occurs in the random motions of gas, as traced ...by the line-of-sight velocity dispersion. However, it has been recently shown that random motions of the neutral hydrogen gas of the Triangulum galaxy (M 33) exhibit a bisymmetric perturbation which is aligned with the minor axis of the galaxy, suggesting a projection effect.
Aims.
To investigate if perturbations in the velocity dispersion of nearby discs are comparable to those of M 33, the sample is extended to 32 galaxies from The H
I
Nearby Galaxy Survey (THINGS) and the Westerbork H
I
Survey of Spiral and Irregular Galaxies (WHISP).
Methods.
We studied velocity asymmetries in the disc planes by performing Fourier transforms of high-resolution H
I
velocity dispersion maps corrected for beam-smearing effects, and we measured the amplitudes and phase angles of the Fourier harmonics.
Results.
In all velocity dispersion maps, we find strong perturbations of first, second, and fourth orders. The strongest asymmetry is the bisymmetry, which is predominantly associated with the presence of spiral arms. The first order asymmetry is generally orientated close to the disc major axis, and the second and fourth order asymmetries are preferentially orientated along intermediate directions between the major and minor axes of the discs. These results are evidence that strong projection effects shape the H
I
velocity dispersion maps. The most likely source of systematic orientations is the anisotropy of velocities, through the projection of streaming motions that are stronger along one of the planar directions in the discs. Moreover, systematic phase angles of asymmetries in the H
I
velocity dispersion could arise from tilted velocity ellipsoids, that is when the velocities are correlated. We expect a larger incidence of correlation between the radial and tangential velocities of H
I
gas with |
ρ
R
θ
|∼0.6, which could be tested against the kinematics of the youngest stellar populations of the Milky Way.
Conclusions.
H
I
velocity dispersions cannot be considered devoid of projection effects. The systematic orientations of asymmetries can be explained by the projection of unresolved streaming motions mainly arising from spiral arms. Our methodology is a powerful tool to constrain the dominant direction of streaming motions and thus the shape of the velocity ellipsoid of H
I
gas, which is de facto anisotropic at the angular scales probed by the observations. The next step is to study the shape of the velocity ellipsoids of molecular and ionised gas and their link with galaxy mass and/or morphology, in addition to extending the sample size.
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The Gassendi HAlpha survey of SPirals survey (GHASP) consists of 3D Hα data cubes for 203 spiral and irregular galaxies, covering a large range in morphological types and absolute magnitudes, for ...kinematics analysis. It is the largest sample of Fabry–Perot data published up to now. In order to provide an homogenous sample, reduced and analysed using the same procedure, we present in this paper the new reduction and analysis for a set of 97 galaxies already published in previous papers but now using the new data reduction procedure adopted for the whole sample. The GHASP survey is now achieved and the whole sample is reduced using the adaptive binning techniques based on Voronoi tessellations. We have derived Hα data cubes from which are computed Hα maps, radial velocity fields as well as residual velocity fields, position–velocity diagrams, rotation curves and kinematical parameters for almost all galaxies. The rotation curves, the kinematical parameters and their uncertainties are computed homogeneously using the new method based on the power spectrum of the residual velocity field. This paper provides the kinematical parameters for the whole sample. For the first time, the integrated Hα profiles have been computed and are presented for the whole sample. The total Hα fluxes deduced from these profiles have been used in order to provide a flux calibration for the 203 GHASP galaxies. This paper confirms the conclusions already drawn from half the sample concerning (i) the increased accuracy of position angles measurements using kinematical data, (ii) the difficulty to have robust determinations of both morphological and kinematical inclinations in particular for low-inclination galaxies and (iii) the very good agreement between the Tully–Fisher relationship derived from our data and previous determinations found in the literature.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Context.
Within the framework of investigating the link between the central super massive black holes in the cores of galaxies and the galaxies themselves, we detected a variable X-ray source in the ...center of CGCG 077-102 NED02, which is a member of the CGCG 077-102 galaxy pair within the Abell 2063 cluster of galaxies.
Aims.
Our goal is to combine X-ray and optical data to demonstrate that this object harbors an active super massive black hole in its core, and to relate this to the dynamical status of the galaxy pair within the Abell 2063 cluster.
Methods.
We used
Chandra
and
XMM-Newton
archival data to derive the X-ray spectral shape and variability. We also obtained optical spectroscopy to detect the expected emission lines that are typically found in active galactic nuclei. Finally, we used public ZTF imaging data to investigate the optical variability.
Results.
There is no evidence of multiple X-ray sources or extended components within CGCG 077-102 NED02. Single X-ray spectral models fit the source well. We detect significant, nonrandom inter-observation 0.5–10 keV X-ray flux variabilities, for observations separated by ∼4 days for short-term variations and by up to ∼700 days for long-term variations. Optical spectroscopy points toward a passive galaxy for CGCG 077-102 NED01 and a Seyfert for CGCG 077-102 NED02. The classification of CGCG 077-102 NED02 is also consistent with its X-ray luminosity of over 10
42
erg s
−1
. We do not detect short-term variability in the optical ZTF light curves. However, we find a significant long-term stochastic variability in the
g
-band that can be well described by the damped random walk model with a best-fit characteristic damping timescale of
τ
DRW
= 30
−12
+28
days. Finally, the CGCG 077-102 galaxy pair is deeply embedded within the Abell 2063 potential, with a long enough history within this massive structure to have been affected by the influence of this cluster for a long time.
Conclusions.
Our observations point toward a moderately massive black hole in the center of CGCG 077-102 NED02 of ∼10
6
M
⊙
. As compared to another similar pair in the literature, CGCG 077-102 NED02 is not heavily obscured, perhaps because of the surrounding intracluster medium ram-pressure stripping.
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The results obtained from a study of the mass distribution of 36 spiral galaxies are presented. The galaxies were observed using Fabry–Perot interferometry as part of the GHASP survey. The main aim ...of obtaining high-resolution Hα 2D velocity fields is to define more accurately the rising part of the rotation curves which should allow to better constrain the parameters of the mass distribution. The Hα velocities were combined with low resolution H i data from the literature, when available. Combining the kinematical data with photometric data, mass models were derived from these rotation curves using two different functional forms for the halo: an isothermal sphere (ISO) and a Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW) profile. For the galaxies already modelled by other authors, the results tend to agree. Our results point at the existence of a constant density core in the centre of the dark matter haloes rather than a cuspy core, whatever the type of the galaxy from Sab to Im. This extends to all types the result already obtained by other authors studying dwarf and low surface brightness galaxies but would necessitate a larger sample of galaxies to conclude more strongly. Whatever model is used (ISO or NFW), small core radius haloes have higher central densities, again for all morphological types. We confirm different halo scaling laws, such as the correlations between the core radius and the central density of the halo with the absolute magnitude of a galaxy: low-luminosity galaxies have small core radius and high central density. We find that the product of the central density with the core radius of the dark matter halo is nearly constant, whatever the model and whatever the absolute magnitude of the galaxy. This suggests that the halo surface density is independent from the galaxy type.
Context. Processes driving mass assembly are expected to evolve on different timescales along cosmic time. A transition might happen around z similar to 1 as the cosmic star formation rate starts its ...decrease. Aims. We aim to identify the dynamical nature of galaxies in a representative sample to be able to infer and compare the mass assembly mechanisms across cosmic time. Methods. We present an analysis of the kinematics properties of 50 galaxies with redshifts 0.9 \textless z \textless 1.6 from the MASSIV sample observed with SINFONI/VLT with a mass range from 4.5 x 10(9) M-circle dot to 1.7 x 10(11) M-circle dot and a star formation rate from 6 M-circle dot yr(-1) to 300 M-circle dot yr(-1). This is the largest sample with 2D kinematics in this redshift range. We provide a classification based on kinematics as well as on close galaxy environment. Results. We find that a significant fraction of galaxies in our sample (29%) experience merging or have close companions that may be gravitationally linked. This places a lower limit on the fraction of interacting galaxies because ongoing mergers are probably also present but harder to identify. We find that at least 44% of the galaxies in our sample display ordered rotation, whereas at least 35% are non-rotating objects. All rotators except one are compatible with rotation-dominated (V-max/sigma \textgreater 1) systems. Non-rotating objects are mainly small objects (R-e \textless 4 kpc). They show an anti-correlation of their velocity dispersion and their effective radius. These low-mass objects (log M-star \textless 10.5) may be ongoing mergers in a transient state, galaxies with only one unresolved star-forming region, galaxies with an unstable gaseous phase or, less probably, spheroids. Combining our sample with other 3D-spectroscopy samples, we find that the local velocity dispersion of the ionized gas component decreases continuously from z similar to 3 to z = 0. The proportion of disks also seems to be increasing in star-forming galaxies when the redshift decreases. The number of interacting galaxies seems to be at a maximum at z similar to 1.2. Conclusions. These results draw a picture in which cold gas accretion may still be efficient at z similar to 1.2 but in which mergers may play a much more significant role at z similar to 1.2 than at higher redshift. From a dynamical point of view, the redshift range 1 \textless z \textless 2 therefore appears as a transition period in the galaxy mass assembly process(star star star star).
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The Virgo Environmental Survey Tracing Ionised Gas Emission (VESTIGE) is a blind narrow-band (NB) Hα+NII imaging survey carried out with MegaCam at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope. The survey ...covers the whole Virgo cluster region from its core to one virial radius (104 deg2). The sensitivity of the survey is of f(Hα) ~ 4 × 10−17 erg s−1 cm−2 (5σ detection limit) for point sources and Σ(Hα) ~ 2 × 10−18 erg s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2 (1σ detection limit at 3 arcsec resolution) for extended sources, making VESTIGE the deepest and largest blind NB survey of a nearby cluster. This paper presents the survey in all its technical aspects, including the survey design, the observing strategy, the achieved sensitivity in both the NB Hα+NII and in the broad-band r filter used for the stellar continuum subtraction, the data reduction, calibration, and products, as well as its status after the first observing semester. We briefly describe the Hα properties of galaxies located in a 4 × 1 deg2 strip in the core of the cluster north of M87, where several extended tails of ionised gas are detected. This paper also lists the main scientific motivations for VESTIGE, which include the study of the effects of the environment on galaxy evolution, the fate of the stripped gas in cluster objects, the star formation process in nearby galaxies of different type and stellar mass, the determination of the Hα luminosity function and of the Hα scaling relations down to ~106 M⊙ stellar mass objects, and the reconstruction of the dynamical structure of the Virgo cluster. This unique set of data will also be used to study the HII luminosity function in hundreds of galaxies, the diffuse Hα+NII emission of the Milky Way at high Galactic latitude, and the properties of emission line galaxies at high redshift.
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