Travnjaci kao izvor krme Andreata-Koren, Marcela
Glasnik Zaštite Bilja,
07/2021, Volume:
44, Issue:
4
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
U radu su prikazane vrste travnjačkih površina na kojima se proizvodi krma za hranidbu domaćih životinja te njihovi potencijali što se tiče količine i kvalitete krme. Proizvodnja travnjačke krme može ...se podijeliti na krmu proizvedenu na trajnim travnjacima i sijanim travnjacima. Trajni travnjaci Hrvatske obiluju biljnim vrstama, nastali su uglavnom samozasijavanjem nakon krčenja ili paljenja šuma ili su to površine na kojima je nekad davno zasnovan travnjak. Imaju izrazito različiti floristički sastav što je uvjetovano razvojem na različitim staništima i utjecajem čovjeka koji ih oblikuje svojim djelovanjem (košnja, napasivanje i različita vrsta i razina meliorativnih i agrotehničkih mjera). Prinosi i kvaliteta krme znatno variraju, ovisno razvijaju li se na močvarnim, nizinsko/dolinskim, brdskim i planinskim travnjacima. Najkvalitetnija krma je na nizinskim travnjacima. S druge strane, sijani travnjaci zasnivaju se sjetvom manjeg broja kvalitetnih i produktivnih biljnih vrsta koje su pogodne za određeno stanište uz primjenu odgovarajućih agrotehničkih mjera i načina korištenja, a samim time imaju potencijal za stvaranje većih prinosa kvalitetne biljne mase. Zaključno se može reći da su trajni travnjaci Hrvatske različitog florističkog sastava, a time i produktivnosti i kvalitete krme, često s nekvalitetnim pa i škodljivim biljnim vrstama, ali se na pojedinima razvijaju i različite ljekovite i aromatske biljne vrste koje mogu dati specifičnost stočnim proizvodima. Sijani travnjaci imaju potencijal postizanja visokih prinosa kvalitetne krme, oskudne su biološke raznolikosti.
The paper presents the types of grassland on which forage is produced for feeding domestic animals and their potentials in terms of quantity and quality of forage. Grass forage production can be divided into forage produced on permanent grasslands and on arable land (sown grasslands). Croatia's permanent grasslands are rich in plant species, they were formed mainly by self-seeding after deforestation or burning of forests, or they are areas on which a grassland was once sawn. They have extremely different floristic composition which is conditioned by the development in different habitats and the influence of man who shapes them by his actions (mowing, grazing and different types and levels of reclamation and agrotechnical measures). Yields and forage quality vary considerably, depending on whether they are developed on wetland, lowland / valley, hilly and mountain grasslands. The best quality forage is on lowland grasslands. On the other hand, sown grasslands are based on sowing a small number of quality and productive plant species that are suitable for a particular habitat with the application of appropriate agrotechnical measures and methods of use, and thus have the potential to create higher yields of quality plant mass. In conclusion, it can be said that perennial grasslands in Croatia have different floristic composition, and thus productivity and quality of forage, often with poor quality and even some harmful plant species, but some of them develop different medicinal and aromatic plant species that can give specificity to livestock products. Sown grasslands have the potential to achieve high yields of quality forage, poor in biodiversity.
Numerous research showed that mulching with conventional agro foils elevates soil temperature and promotes plant growth, but negatively influences soil health and brings environmental concerns. Most ...of the published research on nonwoven mulches for plant cultivation includes nonwoven fabrics produced by extrusion processes providing nonwoven fabric structures similar to films. A limited number of studies investigate the impact of nonwoven mulches produced by a mechanical process on the cards and bonded by needling on plant cultivation. For this study, nonwoven mulches of mass per unit area of 400 g m
made from jute, hemp, viscose (CV), and polylactide (PLA) fibers were produced on the card bonded by needle punching. The field experiment was conducted two consecutive years in a row, in spring 2022 and 2023, by planting lettuce seedlings. The nonwoven mulches maintain lower temperatures and higher soil moisture levels compared to agro foil and the control field. The fibrous structure and their water absorption properties allow natural ventilation, regulating temperatures and retaining moisture of soil, consequently improving soil quality, lettuce yield, and quality. The fiber type from which the mulches were produced, influenced soil temperature and humidity, soil quality, and lettuce cultivation. The nonwoven mulches were successful in weed control concerning the weediness of the control field. Based on the obtained results, the newly produced mulches are likely to yield better results when used for the cultivation of vegetables with longer growing periods. Newly produced biodegradable nonwoven mulches could be an eco-friendly alternative to traditional agro foil, minimizing environmental harm during decomposition. The obtained results suggest that the newly produced mulches would be even more suitable for growing vegetables with longer growing seasons.
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Na pojavu i štete od kukuruznog moljca kao jednog od najvažnijih štetnika kukuruza mogu utjecati različiti čimbenici. Istraživanje utjecaja sustava obrade tla i gnojidbe kukuruza na napad i štete od ...kukuruznog moljca provedeno je 2021. godine na pokusnim površinama Veleučilišta u Križevcima. Tretmani u pokusu bili su: standardna obrada tla (ST), konzervacijski sustav plitki (KSP) i konzervacijski sustav duboki (KSD), gnojidba prema preporuci (GPP), GPP s dodatkom biofoziološkog aktivatora (GPPGEO) te gnojidba umanjena za 50% (GU) i GU s dodatkom biofoziološkog aktivatora (GUGEO). Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da sustav obrade tla, gnojidba kukuruza i njihove interakcije imaju značajan utjecaj na većinu, ali ne na sve mjerene parametre oštećenja od kukuruznog moljca (postotak zaraze stabljike, drške klipa i klipa, broj rupa i ukupna dužina oštećenja, broj gusjenica po biljci). Varijante ST, GPPGEO i GPP te njihove interakcije rezultirale su najvećim intenzitetom zaraze u većini parametara. Sustav obrade tla nije imao značajan učinak na postotak zaraze drške klipa, a gnojidba nije imala utjecaja na postotak zaraženih stabljika i broj gusjenica po biljci. Najveća masa klipa po biljci utvrđena je kod tretmana obrade tla KSP i ST, kod gnojidbe GPPGEO i GPP te u interakcijama KSP i GPP te ST i GPPGEO.
The infestation and damage caused by the European corn borer (ECB), as one of the most important pests of corn, are influenced by various factors. Research on the impact of different soil tillage systems and corn fertilization on attack and damage of ECB was conducted in year 2021 in Križevci (NW Croatia). The influence of conventional tillage (ST), deep loosening (CTD shallow loosening (CTS), fertilization as recommended (FR), FR with addition of biophysiological activator Geo2 (FRG) and fertilization reduced by 50% (F50%) and F50% with addition (F50%G)) of biophysiological activator were determined. The results of the research showed that the tillage system, corn fertilization and their interactions have a significant influence on most of the measured parameters of intensity of infestation from the ECB (percentage of stem, ear shank and ear infestation, number and length of holes in stalk, number of caterpillars per plant), but not for all. Variants ST, FRG and FR and their interactions resulted in the highest infestation intensity in most parameters, but the tillage system had no significant effect on the percentage of ear shank infestation, and fertilization did not affect the percentage of stalk infestation and the number of caterpillars per plant. The highest ear mass per plant was found in soil treatment CTS and ST, in fertilization FRG and FR and in the interactions of CTS and FR and ST and FRG.
The paper presents the types of grassland on which forage is produced for feeding domestic animals and their potentials in terms of quantity and quality of forage. Grass forage production can be ...divided into forage produced on permanent grasslands and on arable land (sown grasslands). Croatia's permanent grasslands are rich in plant species, they were formed mainly by self-seeding after deforestation or burning of forests, or they are areas on which a grassland was once sawn. They have extremely different floristic composition which is conditioned by the development in different habitats and the influence of man who shapes them by his actions (mowing, grazing and different types and levels of reclamation and agrotechnical measures). Yields and forage quality vary considerably, depending on whether they are developed on wetland, lowland / valley, hilly and mountain grasslands. The best quality forage is on lowland grasslands. On the other hand, sown grasslands are based on sowing a small number of quality and productive plant species that are suitable for a particular habitat with the application of appropriate agrotechnical measures and methods of use, and thus have the potential to create higher yields of quality plant mass. In conclusion, it can be said that perennial grasslands in Croatia have different floristic composition, and thus productivity and quality of forage, often with poor quality and even some harmful plant species, but some of them develop different medicinal and aromatic plant species that can give specificity to livestock products. Sown grasslands have the potential to achieve high yields of quality forage, poor in biodiversity.
Cilj rada bio je usporediti proizvodnost i hranidbenu vrijednost fermentirane krme dvaju hibrida sudanske trave s obzirom na prinos krme po jedinici površine te osnovni kemijski sastav i kvalitetu ...fermentacije krme u silosu. U istraživanju su korištene dvije sorte sudanske trave, sorta Su-Su i sorta Pacific graze. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom vegetacijske sezone 2014. godine na pokusnoj površini pokušališta Maksimir Agronomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Pokošena biljna masa je silirana u laboratorijske silose. Nakon 35 dana od zatvaranja silosa, fermentirana krma je analizirana NIR spektroskopijom na osnovni kemijski sastav i kvalitetu fermentacije, procjenom sadržaja organske tvari (OT), sirovih proteina (SP), neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV), kiselih detergent vlakana (KDV), metaboličke energije (ME), probavljivosti organske tvari u suhoj tvari (D-vrijednost), razgradivosti sirovih proteina (RSP), faktora konzumacije za ovce i goveda, pH vrijednosti i amonijskog N (NH3-N). Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između hibrida Pacific graze i Su-su u istraživanim parametrima. Prinos ST hibrida Pacific graze i Su-su je iznosio 11,5 t ha-1 i 12,88 t ha-1 tim slijedom (P>0,409), sadržaj SP 102,3 g kg-1 ST i 103,8 g kg-1 ST tim slijedom (P>0,802), sadržaj NDV 507 g kg-1 ST i 514 g kg-1 ST tim slijedom(P>0.523), D-vrijednost 605 g kg-1 ST i 602 g kg-1 ST tim slijedom (P>0,341), pH vrijednost 4,26 i 4,4 tim slijedom (P>0,193), a sadržaj NH3-N 116 g NH3 kg-1 ukupnog N i 131 g NH3 kg-1 ukupnog N tim slijedom (P>0,254). Zaključeno je da oba hibrida sudanske trave imaju potencijal za proizvodnju fermentirane voluminozne krme visokog prinosa po jedinici površine, a niža hranidbena vrijednost fermentirane krme utvrđena u ovom istraživanju je rezultat kasnijeg roka košnje biljne mase za siliranje.
The objective of the paper was to compare the feeding value of two fermented hybrids of Sudan grass with regard to forage yield, chemical composition and fermentation in the silo. Two varieties of sudan grass, the Su-Su variety and the Pacific graze variety were used in the study. The research was conducted during the growing season in 2014 on the experimental plot of the University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture. The harvested forage was ensiled into laboratory silo. After 35 days of ensiling, the fermented forage was analyzed by NIR spectroscopy on the chemical composition and the fermentation quality, and there were estimated forage organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acidic detergent fiber (ADF) content, and metabolic energy (ME), digestibility of the organic matter in the dry matter (D-value), crude protein degradability (CPD), intake factor for sheep and cattle, pH value and ammonia N (NH3-N). No statistically significant differences were determined between Pacific Graze and Su-su hybrids in the investigated parameters. The DM yield of hybrids Pacific graze and Su-su was 11.5 t ha-1 and 12.88 t ha-1 respectively (P>0.409), CP content 102.3 g kg-1 DM and 103.8 g kg-1 DM respectively (P>0.802), NDF content 507 g kg-1 DM and 514 g kg-1 DM respectively (P>0.523), D-value 605 g kg-1 DM and 602 g kg-1 DM respectively (P>0.341), pH 4.26 and 4.4 respectively (P>0.193), and NH3-N content 116 g NH3 kg-1 total N and 131 g NH3 kg-1 total N respectively (P>0.254). It was concluded that both Sudan grass hybrids have the potential to produce high-yield fermented forage per unit area while the lower nutritive value of fermented forage in this study was a result of advanced Sudan grass maturity at harvest.
Environmental and economic factors in milk and meat production increase a use of legumes and grass-legumes mixtures, with zero or minimum mineral N as an alternative to grass monoculture withhigh ...rate of mineral N. The research aimed to examine the effect of N application (0-N0 and 150 kg ha-1 year-1-N150) and rotational grazing by cattle (C) and sheep (S) on grassland productivity and botanical composition. On the average, 5.3 % higher total dry matter (DM) yield was obtained under S than under C. With N0 was achieved >80 % of N150 DM yield. The grazing management x N rate interaction was recorded for legumes DM yield and their contribution to total DM yield. N150 decreased both parameters only in S, while differences in these parameters between grazing management obtained only in N0, whereas S was less detrimental to legume growth than was cattle grazing. N150 increased grass DM yield for 29.3 % in comparison to N0. The grazing management x N and year x N interactions were recorded for the grass contribution to total DM yield. Differences in this parameter were found only in N0 where C resulted in higher grass content. There were no significant differences in grass content between years in N0, while in N150 grass content in 2000 was lower than grass content in 2000 and 2002. N0 resulted in 88 % higher DM yield and 139 % higher forbs content in comparison to N150. C resulted in 44 % higher content of dead plant material compared to S.
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Grazing is the most common way of using a hill and mountain areas because of their specific agro-ecological conditions. Cocksfoot is a grass with high productivity and quality, and it is very good ...for sowing in the sward for grazing. Because of its good adaptability to different growing conditions, especially in very dry and cold areas, it is excellent in relation to some other good grasses, which can not be raised in such areas. The aim of the experiment was to determine effect of N application (0-N0 and 150 kg ha-1 year-1-N150) and rotational grazing by cattle (C) and sheep (S), and their interaction on the cocksfoot sown in a mixture of smooth-stalked meadow grass (Poa pratensis L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) in hill mountain areas. In a three-year average, the application of 150 kg ha-1 N had significant impact on cocksfoot population density (number of tillers m-2), and it was 51.4 % higher than the recorded one before grazing (P<0.05) and 42.2 % higher after grazing (P<0.01) in comparison to N0. The application of 150 kg ha-1 N resulted in significantly higher cocksfoot dry matter (DM) yield for 38.6 % (P<0.01) and 15.3 % higher cocksfoot share in the total mixture in relation to N0 (P<0.01). Grazing management and grazing management interaction with N rate did not significantly affect the population density of individual years. However, in the three-year average, grazing management significantly affected cocksfoot DM (P<0.01) and its percentage in the total DM mixture (P<0.01). Cattle grazing resulted in 9.9 % higher cocksfoot DM yield and 15.2 % higher cocksfoot percentage in pasture. Interaction of grazing management and N-level had significant influence on the percentage of cocksfoot DM in grass-clover mixture. On cattle grazed areas fertilized with 150 kg ha-1 N, the percentage of cocksfoot DM was the highest (74. 07%), while the lowest percentage of cocksfoot DM was recorded on the sheep grazed areas without N (55.12%).
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Recently, ecological and economic factors in milk and meat production stimulate use of legumes and grass-legumes mixtures, with zero or minimum mineral N as alternative to grass monoculture with high ...rate of mineral N. Research objective was to examine the effect of N application (0-N0 and 150 kg ha-1 year-1-N150) and rotational grazing by cattle (C) and sheep (S) on white clover: growing points number, stolon lenght, stolon dry weight, dry matter yield and clover contribution to total annual herbage production. N150 significantly reduced the growing points number, stolon length and stolon dry weight for more than 70 % compared to N0. Grazing treatment affected stolon population density only in interaction with N application because of N150 significantly reduced white clover population density only in sheep grazing. S-treatment had higher clover DM yield (0.21 t ha-1) than C-treatment (0.13 t ha-1). N0 had higher clover DM yield (0.25 t ha-1) than N150 (0.09 t ha-1). However, the interaction grazing management x N rate was significant for clover DM yield and clover contribution to total DM yield. N150 reduced both parameters for 80 % only in sheep grazing while difference in DM yield and clover contribution to total DM yield between grazing treatment was recorded only in N0 Sheep grazing increased DM yield for 150 % and clover contribution for 99 % compared to cattle grazing.
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Effect of spacing size and shape on oil pumpkin yield (Cucurbita pepo L. var. oleifera) was investigated in two – year field experiments during 2004 and 2005 on The College of Agriculture at Križevci ...experimental fields. The investigated planting distances were: 100x100, 140x70, 140 x 50, 80 x 80 and 140x30 cm. The experiment was set out by to the Latin square method with five replications, and data was analyzed using analysis of variance. Austrian cultivar Gleissdorf was tested. Number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, number of fruits per hectare, yield of fruits per hectare, average seed weight per fruit and seed yield per hectare were established. Highly significant large number of fruits per plant in both years was established at greater spacing size (100x100 cm – 1.43 fruit/plant in 2004; 140x70 cm – 1.1 fruit/plant in 2005). Average fruit weight regularly was higher at greater spacing size (140x70 cm – 4239 g in 2004; and 100x100 cm – 4183 g in 2005) but not significant. Even though the differences were not significant between treatmants in both years the greatest number of fruits per hectare (16 167- 2004; 13 917 – 2005) and fruit yield per hectare (60.1 t/ha – 2004; 54.2 t/ha – 2005) ) was obtained at spacing 140x30 cm. The highest seed yield per hectare in both years (1397.2 kg/ha – 2004; 1167.6 kg/ha – 2005) was obtained at the same spacing (140x30 cm) but high significant only in 2004 year.
Cilj rada bio je usporediti proizvodnost i hranidbenu vrijednost fermentirane krme dvaju hibrida sudanske trave s obzirom na prinos krme po jedinici površine te osnovni kemijski sastav i kvalitetu ...fermentacije krme u silosu. U istraživanju su korištene dvije sorte sudanske trave, sorta Su-Su i sorta Pacific graze. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom vegetacijske sezone 2014. godine na pokusnoj površini pokušališta Maksimir Agronomskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Pokošena biljna masa je silirana u laboratorijske silose. Nakon 35 dana od zatvaranja silosa, fermentirana krma je analizirana NIR spektroskopijom na osnovni kemijski sastav i kvalitetu fermentacije, procjenom sadržaja organske tvari (OT), sirovih proteina (SP), neutralnih detergent vlakana (NDV), kiselih detergent vlakana (KDV), metaboličke energije (ME), probavljivosti organske tvari u suhoj tvari (D-vrijednost), razgradivosti sirovih proteina (RSP), faktora konzumacije za ovce i goveda, pH vrijednosti i amonijskog N (NH3-N). Nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike između hibrida Pacific graze i Su-su u istraživanim parametrima. Prinos ST hibrida Pacific graze i Su-su je iznosio 11,5 t ha-1 i 12,88 t ha-1 tim slijedom (P>0,409), sadržaj SP 102,3 g kg-1 ST i 103,8 g kg-1 ST tim slijedom (P>0,802), sadržaj NDV 507 g kg-1 ST i 514 g kg-1 ST tim slijedom(P>0.523), D-vrijednost 605 g kg-1 ST i 602 g kg-1 ST tim slijedom (P>0,341), pH vrijednost 4,26 i 4,4 tim slijedom (P>0,193), a sadržaj NH3-N 116 g NH3 kg-1 ukupnog N i 131 g NH3 kg-1 ukupnog N tim slijedom (P>0,254). Zaključeno je da oba hibrida sudanske trave imaju potencijal za proizvodnju fermentirane voluminozne krme visokog prinosa po jedinici površine, a niža hranidbena vrijednost fermentirane krme utvrđena u ovom istraživanju je rezultat kasnijeg roka košnje biljne mase za siliranje.
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