•Electric Vehicle charging in apartment buildings.•Hourly predictions based on data sources frequently available for residents.•Field data from 6878 charging sessions registered by 97 ...users.•Significant potential for residential EV charging flexibility.
The increase in the number of electric vehicles leads to an increased demand for residential charging. While EV electric loads can have a negative impact on the power grid, they also represent a large potential for energy flexibility. This study proposes a methodology to describe charging habits, electricity load profiles, and flexibility potentials of EV charging in apartment buildings. The input data used for the method are generally available for buildings with multiple EV charge points: EV charging reports with individual charging sessions and aggregated smart meter data. The case study is a large housing cooperative in Norway, with a combination of private and shared charge points for the residents. The study compares two charging power assumptions of 3.6 kW and 7.2 kW. The flexibility potential increases with higher charging power. The study reveals a significant potential for residential EV charging flexibility when private parking spaces have EV charge points.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background
The Icatibant Outcome Survey (IOS; NCT01034969) is a Shire‐sponsored, international, observational study monitoring the safety and effectiveness of icatibant, a bradykinin B2 receptor ...antagonist approved for the acute treatment of adults with hereditary angioedema with C1 inhibitor deficiency (HAE‐C1‐INH).
Objective
To report IOS data comparing demographic and icatibant treatment outcomes in patients with HAE‐C1‐INH from Germany to HAE‐C1‐INH patients from 11 other IOS countries.
Methods
A descriptive, retrospective, comparative analysis of data from 685 IOS patients with HAE‐C1‐INH from seven centres in Germany (n = 93) vs. centres from Austria, Brazil, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom (n = 592, July 2009–January 2017). Icatibant treatment outcomes were retrieved from patients with complete attack outcome data for time to treatment, time to resolution and attack duration (160 attacks in 42 German patients and 1442 attacks in 251 patients from other IOS countries).
Results
German patients reported significantly fewer severe/very severe attacks (38.7% vs. 57.5%, respectively; P < 0.001). The proportion of attacks treated with a single icatibant injection was significantly higher in German patients (97.1% vs. 91.6%, P = 0.0003). The median time to treatment (0.0 h vs. 1.5 h), time to resolution (3.0 h vs. 7.0 h) and attack duration (4.3 h vs. 10.5 h) in German patients vs. other IOS countries were all significantly shorter (all P < 0.0001). No meaningful differences were identified between patients from Germany and other countries with regard to sex, median age at enrolment, median age at symptom onset and median age at diagnosis.
Conclusion
German IOS patients share similar demographic characteristics to patients from other IOS countries yet treat their attacks with icatibant significantly earlier and have markedly fewer severe or very severe attacks. Factors including regional access to and availability of icatibant may drive these outcomes and warrant further investigation.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Electric vehicles (EVs) are part of the solution to achieve global carbon emissions reduction targets, and the number of EVs is increasing worldwide. Increased demand for EV charging can challenge ...the grid capacity of power distribution systems. Smart charging is therefore becoming an increasingly important topic, and availability of high-grade EV charging data is needed for analysing and modelling of EV charging and related energy flexibility. This study provides a set of methodologies for transforming real-world and commonly available EV charging data into easy-to-use EV charging datasets necessary for conducting a range of different EV studies. More than 35,000 residential charging sessions are analysed. The datasets include realistic predictions of battery capacities, charging power, and plug-in State-of-Charge (SoC) for each of the EVs, along with plug-in/plug-out times, and energy charged. Finally, we analyse how residential charging behaviour is affected by EV battery capacity and charging power. The results show a considerable potential for shifting residential EV charging in time, especially from afternoon/evenings to night-time. Such shifting of charging loads can reduce the grid burden resulting from residential EV charging. The potential for a single EV user to shift EV charging in time increases with higher EV charging power, more frequent connections, and longer connection times. The proposed methods provide the basis for assessing current and future EV charging behaviour, data-driven energy flexibility characterization, analysis, and modelling of EV charging loads and EV integration into power grids.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Summary
Icatibant is used to treat acute hereditary angioedema with C1 inhibitor deficiency types I/II (C1‐INH‐HAE types I/II) and has shown promise in angioedema due to acquired C1 inhibitor ...deficiency (C1‐INH‐AAE). Data from the Icatibant Outcome Survey (IOS) were analysed to evaluate the effectiveness of icatibant in the treatment of patients with C1‐INH‐AAE and compare disease characteristics with those with C1‐INH‐HAE types I/II. Key medical history (including prior occurrence of attacks) was recorded upon IOS enrolment. Thereafter, data were recorded retrospectively at approximately 6‐month intervals during patient follow‐up visits. In the icatibant‐treated population, 16 patients with C1‐INH‐AAE had 287 attacks and 415 patients with C1‐INH‐HAE types I/II had 2245 attacks. Patients with C1‐INH‐AAE versus C1‐INH‐HAE types I/II were more often male (69 versus 42%; P = 0·035) and had a significantly later mean (95% confidence interval) age of symptom onset 57·9 (51·33–64·53) versus 14·0 (12·70–15·26) years. Time from symptom onset to diagnosis was significantly shorter in patients with C1‐INH‐AAE versus C1‐INH‐HAE types I/II (mean 12·3 months versus 118·1 months; P = 0·006). Patients with C1‐INH‐AAE showed a trend for higher occurrence of attacks involving the face (35 versus 21% of attacks; P = 0·064). Overall, angioedema attacks were more severe in patients with C1‐INH‐HAE types I/II versus C1‐INH‐AAE (61 versus 40% of attacks were classified as severe to very severe; P < 0·001). Median total attack duration was 5·0 h and 9·0 h for patients with C1‐INH‐AAE versus C1‐INH‐HAE types I/II, respectively.
Real‐world data from the Icatibant Outcome Survey was used to evaluate the effectiveness of icatibant in the treatment of 16 patients with C1‐INH‐AAE (experiencing 287 attacks) and 415 patients with C1‐INH‐HAE types I/II (experiencing 2245 attacks), and to compare disease characteristics. Time from symptom onset to diagnosis was significantly shorter in patients with C1‐INH‐AAE versus C1‐INH‐HAE types I/II. Angioedema attacks were significantly less severe, and median total attack duration was significantly shorter in patients with C1‐INH‐AAE vs patients with C1‐INH‐HAE types I/II.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency (HAE‐1/2) is a chronic and debilitating disease. The unpredictable clinical course represents a significant patient burden.
Objective
...To analyse longitudinal registry data from the Icatibant Outcome Survey (IOS) in order to characterize temporal changes in disease activity in patients with HAE‐1/2.
Methods
Icatibant Outcome Survey (NCT01034969) is an international observational registry monitoring the clinical outcomes of patients eligible for icatibant treatment. The current analyses are based on data collected between July 2009 and July 2019. Retrospective data for attacks recorded in the 12 months prior to IOS enrolment and for each 12‐month period up to 7 years were analysed.
Results
Included patients reported angioedema attacks without long‐term prophylaxis (LTP; n = 315) and with LTP (n = 292) use at the time of attack onset. Androgens were the most frequently used LTP option (80.8%). At the population level, regardless of LTP use, most patients (52–80%) reporting <5 attacks in Year 1 continued experiencing this rate; similarly, many patients (25–76%) who reported high attack frequency continued reporting ≥10 attacks/year. However, year on year, 31–51% of patients experienced notable changes (increase/decrease of ≥5 attacks) in annual attack frequency. Of patients who reported an absolute change of ≥10 attacks from Year 1 to 2, 17–50% continued to experience a change of this magnitude in subsequent years.
Conclusion
At the population level, attack frequency was generally consistent over 7 years. At the small group level, 28.8–34.5% of patients reported a change in attack frequency of ≥5 attacks from Year 1 to Year 2; up to half of these patients continued to experience this magnitude of variation in disease activity in later years, reflecting high intra‐patient variability.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
FutureBuilt is a voluntary program for ambitious low-carbon construction projects. To incentivize measures that lead to the lowest climate change impact from all aspects of buildings and ...according to national Paris agreement pledges, FutureBuilt Zero introduces an ambition level and a novel calculation methodology for net climate change impacts over the life of a building. The ambition level is tightened over time to help Norway achieve its climate goals. A comprehensive simplified calculation method is introduced, which considers how the timing of emissions during the building life affects the contribution to global warming. Both direct and indirect emissions throughout the lifetime are included; energy use in operation and at the construction site, material production and transport of materials to the construction site, and waste management (incineration). In addition, the climate-positive effects of biogenic carbon uptake, carbonation of cement, potential for future reusability, and exported energy are included. This paper presents the criteria, describes the method and the scientific basis as well as the principles and logic behind the choices made.
Building Bioclimatic Design (BBCD) understands architecture as a filter between outdoor climate and indoor comfort. This way, it encourages the exploitation of freely available climatic resources, ...before adding any HVAC system. Therefore, BBCD represents a fundamental strategy for improving energy efficiency in buildings. The climate / comfort comparison in building design determines the passive strategies that are most suitable for a specific climatic context, as well as the level of architectural complexity. In cold climates, it would suggest the use of compact shapes and extremely airtight and insulating envelopes, in order to minimize heat losses while maximizing solar heat gains. However, when combined with high internal gains, these measures might cause overheating problems in the warm seasons. That is the case of office buildings, where cooling equipment is included as default even in cold climates, drastically increasing their energy consumption. It is therefore becoming a necessity to consider here the adoption of passive cooling strategies once identified with warmer climates. The aim of this research is to explore how the theories and tools for BBCD could be applied to cold climate office buildings. In order to study the effect of the different climatic contributors, we will use Building Performance Simulation to analyse relevant cases with EnergyPlus (in combination with DesignBuilder). This will in turn help drawing suggestions on how to adapt the Building Bioclimatic Chart (BBCC) for its application to cold climate office buildings in practice. It is well known that the earlier we apply the measures for energy efficiency, the greater their effect and with higher degree of integration. The BBCC is used in the pre-design phase to determine the most suitable passive strategies for climate adaptation and control, informing the design as early as possible along the process. This study can contribute to the development of zero emission neighbourhoods in cold climates, by improving the energy efficiency of their buildings. Additionally, it complements the existing research in BBCD by extending its application to cold climates and office buildings.
The Icatibant Outcome Survey (IOS) is an observational study monitoring safety and effectiveness of icatibant in the real‐world setting. We analyzed safety data from 3025 icatibant‐treated attacks in ...557 patients (enrolled between July 2009 and February 2015). Icatibant was generally well tolerated. Excluding off‐label use and pregnancy, 438 patients (78.6%) did not report adverse events (AEs). The remaining 119 (21.4%) patients reported 341 AEs, primarily gastrointestinal disorders (19.6%). Of these, 43 AEs in 17 patients (3.1%) were related to icatibant. Serious AEs (SAEs) occurred infrequently. A total of 143 SAEs occurred in 59 (10.6%) patients; only three events (drug inefficacy, gastritis, and reflux esophagitis) in two patients were considered related to icatibant. Notably, no SAEs related to icatibant occurred in patients with cardiovascular disease, nor in those using icatibant at a frequency above label guidelines. Additionally, no major differences were noted in AEs occurring in on‐label vs off‐label icatibant users.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Background
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) due to C1‐inhibitor deficiency (C1‐INH‐HAE) is a rare, potentially fatal, bradykinin‐mediated disease. Icatibant is a bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist ...originally approved in 2008 in the European Union and 2011 in the United States as an acute therapy option for HAE attacks in adults.
Objective
To compare demographics, disease characteristics and treatment outcomes of icatibant‐treated HAE attacks in patients with C1‐INH‐HAE enrolled in the Icatibant Outcome Survey across six European countries: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the UK.
Methods
The Icatibant Outcome Survey IOS; Shire, Zug, Switzerland (NCT01034969) is an international observational study monitoring the safety and effectiveness of icatibant. Descriptive, retrospective analyses compared IOS country data derived during July 2009–April 2015.
Results
Overall, 481 patients with C1‐INH‐HAE provided demographic data. A significant difference across countries in age at onset (P = 0.003) and baseline attack frequency (P < 0.001) was found although no significant differences were found with respect to gender (majority female; P = 0.109), age at diagnosis (P = 0.182) or delay in diagnosis (P = 0.059). Icatibant was used to treat 1893 attacks in 325 patients with majority self‐administration in all countries. Overall, significant differences (all P < 0.001) were found across countries in time to treatment median 1.8 h; median range: 0.0 (Germany–Austria) to 4.4 (France) h, time to resolution median 6.5 h; median range: 3 (Germany–Austria) to 12 (France) h and attack duration median 10.5 h; median range: 3.1 (Germany–Austria) to 18.5 (France) h.
Conclusion
These data form the first European cross‐country comparison of disease characteristics and icatibant use in patients with C1‐INH‐HAE who are enrolled in IOS. International variation in icatibant practice and treatment outcomes across the six European countries assessed highlight the need to further investigate the range of country‐specific parameters driving regional variations in icatibant use.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
As a response to the Paris agreement, Norway is committed to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 50 percent by 2030. Highly energy-efficient buildings have a greater proportion of embodied GHG ...emissions from material use (55-87%) compared to operational emissions. A new national standard, NS3720:2018 a methodology for greenhouse gas emission calculations for buildings, has harmonised the life cycle assessment (LCA) calculation of environmental impacts arising from Norwegian buildings and has led to an increase in LCAs. This paper aims to collect life cycle GHG emission data on Norwegian building case studies to help form recommendations for national GHG emission requirements and benchmark values that can be used by the Research centre for zero emission neighbourhoods in smart cities (FME ZEN), Futurebuilt and in Norwegian building codes (TEK). To do this, a statistical analysis of a reference sample is carried out to provide bottom-up derived reference values. Empirical life cycle GHG emission data results are collected from Norwegian building case studies in the reference, design and as-built project phases, sampled from Norwegian programmes and research centres such as Futurebuilt, Framtidens Byer, ZEB and ZEN. Altogether 133 Norwegian building cases have been gathered from 2009-2020, covering 1,023,738m2 of heated floor area for 49,360 building users. A functional unit of '1m2 of heated floor area over a building lifetime of 60 years is used. The results show an interquartile range of 240-492 kgCO2eq/m2 or 4-8.2 kgCO2eq/m2/yr, a median of 396 kgCO2eq/m2 or 6.6 kgCO2eq/m2/yr and a mean of 324 kgCO2eq/m2 or 5,4 kgCO2eq/m2/yr for all building typologies in the as-built phase. These results can be used to form initial indications for GHG emission requirements and benchmark values in Norway.
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