Artykuł porusza problematykę modeli interakcji orzeczeń sądów kościelnych i państwowych w sprawach małżeńskich. Reforma procesu małżeńskiego papieża Franciszka stanowi asumpt do szczegółowych ...rozważań nad modelami interakcji orzeczeń sądów kościelnych i państwowych, począwszy od modelu automatycznego, poprzez model kontrolowany, aż do modelu autonomicznego w odniesieniu do zakresu jurysdykcji trybunałów kościelnych w sprawach małżeńskich. Szczególna uwaga została poświęcona modelowi interakcji orzeczeń sądów kościelnych i państwowych w odniesieniu do spraw małżeńskich w Polsce.
W artykule ukazane zostało znaczenie zasad: salus animarum, prawdy oraz kontradyktoryjności dla procesu o nieważność małżeństwa. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, iż zasada salus animarum określa ...nadprzyrodzony cel prawa kanonicznego, dlatego wszystkie zasady procesu o nieważność muszą być jej podporządkowane. Zasada prawdy jest kluczową zasadą procesu o nieważność małżeństwa, do poszukiwania której zobowiązani są wszyscy uczestnicy iudicium. Sposobem zaś ukazania prawdy o małżeństwie jest oparcie procesu na wartościach wynikających z zasady kontradyktoryjności.
This manuscript shows the use of natural polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose as a carbon source for fuel cells. To achieve this, two innovative methods of obtaining hydrogen have been shown: ...by adsorption and by enzyme. The carbonization path of the material results in excellent sorption properties and allows gas with high efficiency to be obtained. The enzymatic method for the degradation of the compound is more expensive because specific enzymes (such as laccase, tyrosinase) must be used, but it allows greater control of the properties of the obtained material. A scientific novelty is the use of natural raw materials, the use of which increases the biodegradability of the electrochemical system and also reduces the cost of raw materials and increases the range of their acquisition. Energy should be generated where it is used. Another goal is decentralization, and thanks to the proposed solutions, hydrogen cells represent an innovative alternative to today’s energy giants—also for independent power supply to households. The proposed harvesting paths are intended to drive rail vehicles in order to reduce emissions and secondary pollution of the environment. The goals of both methods were easy recycling, high efficiency, increased environmental friendliness, low cost and a short hydrogen production path.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The article concerns the research on the emission of pollutants of a rail-road tractor in two stationary research tests. The purpose of the tests was to carry out control tests of pollutant emissions ...and their analysis. The object used during the works was approved in accordance with the Stage V standard, which requires measurements of emissivity both in stationary, dynamic and real conditions. Despite the requirement to test engines installed on a vehicle during their normal duty cycle with PEMS, the emission limits measured in this test have not yet been defined. Therefore, the work below focuses on the stationary test cycle. The measurements were carried out in accordance with the combustion engine operating points described in the approval test, and then compared with the modernized NRSC test. It contains modified measuring points and rotational speeds of the crankshaft, adopted on the basis of the most common operating parameters of agricultural tractor combustion engines in real operating conditions. The measurements were performed with the use of a mobile dynamometer and devices for measuring emissions of harmful exhaust gas compounds and recording on-board data. In the test, the vehicle drive system worked at fixed operating points, with defined values of crankshaft rotational speed and load. Based on the recorded data on the concentrations of pollutants in the exhaust gases, the specific emission of the object was determined. In the final stage of the work, these data were used to perform a comparative analysis with the emission limits contained in the standard.
In Poland, the number of vehicles owned per capita is systematically increasing. There is also a noticeable increase in traffic in large urban agglomerations. This creates a number of problems, such ...as difficulties in finding a parking spot. Then it becomes necessary to search for a long time to stop, which is correlated with higher emission of harmful substances and energy consumption. The aim of the work is a multi-criteria analysis of the selection of a parking spot at a shopping center focused on travel times, pollutant emissions and fuel consumption. In addition, consideration was given to the selection of the optimal parking spot. The tests were carried out in Real Driving Conditions similar to Real Driving Emissions testing. The procedure, currently used as an extension of the type-approval tests, reflects the actual exhaust emissions from vehicles more accurately than tests under laboratory conditions. Specialized PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) apparatus was used for the measurements.
Track operations require specialized machinery and equipment. Among them, the SM42 locomotive is an indispensable vehicle. Locomotives of this type have a significantly different nature of work ...compared to locomotives used in passenger and freight traffic. A large percentage share of the work is engine running under idle and under low load. The nature of the load is, among other things, the cause of high fuel consumption. Such a situation calls for a number of necessary technical and organizational activities, leading, inter alia, to reducing energy consumption. The article provides preliminary operational analyzes aimed at identifying the potential for reduce energy consumption by the SM42 locomotive, supporting track works. As a result of reducing the locomotive’s downtime with running engine by half, fuel consumption was reduced by approximately 16%.
Vehicles used in rail transport are characterized by a long service life, which is caused, among others, by the high cost of their purchase. In Poland, the average age of freight diesel locomotives ...exceeds 40 years. Increasing the wear and tear of vehicles has an impact on many aspects of machine operation, including environmental pollution. Significant wear and degradation of the powertrain components contributes to the increase in pollutant emissions and fuel consumption, which is closely correlated with the production of carbon dioxide. Modernizations involving the replacement of the drive unit are performed in order to reduce the negative impact of rail vehicles on the environment. The article compares the energy consumption of the ST44 locomotive prior to and after modernization. The older 14D40 two-stroke internal combustion engines were replaced with a more modern engine unit 12CzN26/26. Fuel consumption tests were carried out on a test bench using a OW6300 water resistor.
Track works typically require the use of special-purpose rail machines, in which the main source of propulsion are high-power compression ignition engines. Reliance on these types of engines, which ...are characterized by a significant degree of wear and tear, relates to a relatively high specific fuel consumption and the exhaust emissions of toxic compounds. Using such rail machines to perform modernization and repair works has a negative impact on the natural environment. The article presents test results of toxic compounds exhaust emissions as measured from a special purpose rail machine. The tested vehicle was a machine designed for profiling the ballast cess labelled as PŁT-500. The machine was classified as NRMM (Non Road Mobile Machinery) and used for profiling and cleaning the cess. A PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement System) type apparatus was used for the emissions measurement. This made it possible to measure the exhaust emissions as RDE (Real Driving Emissions) of toxic compounds from the machine in real operating conditions. The obtained test results include the measured exhaust emissions of gaseous compounds: CO, CO2, HC and NOx as well as the vehicle fuel consumption while performing its track works.
The paper aims to present a generating set selection methodology for a modernized diesel locomotive. An analysis of the number of rolling stock, with particular emphasis on the number of diesel ...locomotives owned by national carriers was performed. Based on the popularity of the locomotives operated on Polish railways, the TEM2 locomotive was chosen to be the base reference for the modernized 19D locomotive described in the paper. The scope of the locomotive's modernization was described. Modernization included: replacement of the internal combustion engine, replacement of the generator set, installation of a new braking system with a pneumatic board and air preparation and treatment system, application of a modern control and diagnostics system with anti-slip system at start-up and braking, and the installation of railway traffic safety devices.
The paper presents the general concept of an innovative rail-road tractor solution. The innovation of the solution is characterized by equipping the combustion engine tractor with an additional ...electric drive for the wheels of the rail drive system. The options of using the tractor in operation along with rolling stock were presented. The results of preliminary conceptual work on the selection of electric propulsion and energy storage devices to power electric motors has been illustrated. Directions for further conceptual and design research were also determined. The aim of the paper is to popularize the results of the performed research work carried out at the Institute in the field of rail-road vehicle development.
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