Input-output (I-O) analysis has been widely used in embodied emission studies. For country-level analysis, the non-competitive imports assumption is generally preferred. However, national I-O tables ...with the non-competitive imports assumption are often not available. In empirical studies, the uniform imports share approach is usually adopted to give the estimated tables from the I-O tables with the competitive imports assumption. When data are available for two different years, structural decomposition analysis (SDA) can be applied to study the drivers of the embodied emission changes. We propose a SDA framework with two imports effects, i.e. input imports effect and demand imports effect, to evaluate the impacts of imports data treatment on the drivers. An empirical study using China's latest I-O datasets, for 2017 and 2018, show that the impacts are not significant at the national level but are significant at the sectoral level. For the latter, the impacts on sectoral embodied emission intensity range from −5% to 16%, while on sectoral embodied emissions range from −8% to 35%. Sectoral aggregate embodied intensity (AEI) indicators are found to be more robust to the imports data treatments than sectoral embodied emission intensity. In some cases a change in the sign of the input imports effect or demand imports effect is observed, which leads to opposite outcomes. Implications of the findings on embodied emission studies and the role of imports are discussed.
•We analyze the impacts of imports data treatment on embodied emission estimates.•We propose a SDA framework and estimate two imports effects.•We evaluate the impacts of imports data treatment on the imports effects.•We discusse the detailed results of two imports effects on China's embodied emissions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Input-output (I-O) analysis has been widely used in national energy and energy-related emission studies. These studies are generally conducted using annual data. In a growing number of countries, ...significant variations in renewable energy supply and in final demands of goods and services are observed over time within a year. These temporal variations cannot be captured in I-O analysis using annual data. To investigate such temporal dynamics, we propose an I-O analysis framework that uses monthly data. Further to that, the drivers in embodiments and aggregate embodied intensity (AEI) indicators are studied via Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA). Additive SDA and multiplicative SDA are applied to reveal the temporal dynamics associated with energy and emission embodiments and AEI indicators, respectively. An application study using China's 2018 datasets show the importance of temporal dynamics in studying its embodiments and AEI indicators, with drivers of their changes show significant variations over months. It is shown that increased data granularity reveals useful information which would otherwise undetected if annual data are employed. Implications of the findings on future research are discussed.
•We propose a framework of temporal disaggregation in an extended I-O analysis.•Additive SDA is introduced to investigate the temporal dynamics in embodiments.•Multiplicative SDA is introduced to investigate the temporal dynamics in AEI indicators.•Empirical study of China shows the importance of temporal dynamics in energy and emission studies.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
•We propose a spatial-SDA framework for multi-region comparisons.•Both additive and multiplicative SDA forms are covered in the proposed framework.•Four Leontief I–O models are formulated for ...spatial-SDA of emission performance.•The emission performance index (EmPI) can be constructed for pair comparisons.•Features of the new framework are illustrated using the data of 30 regions in China.
Structural decomposition analysis (SDA) has been widely used by researchers to study changes in carbon emissions or aggregate emission intensity over time in a country. These studies may be called temporal-SDA analysis. Similarly, SDA analysis can be conducted by studying variations in carbon emissions or aggregate emission intensity between countries or between regions in a country, i.e. a decomposition analysis conducted spatially. In spatial-SDA analysis, the objective is often to understand the contributions of factors such as emission intensity, Leontief structure, and final demand in explaining the difference in total carbon emissions or aggregate emission intensities between two countries or regions. We review the literature of spatial-SDA analysis and propose a spatial-SDA framework for multi-region comparisons. Both the additive and multiplicative SDA forms are presented in the framework. Using the framework, 30 geographical regions in China are compared and ranked based on their emission performance. This proposed framework can also be used to evaluate other performance indicators in multi-region comparisons.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
This paper proposes a parametric frontier approach to estimating economy-wide energy efficiency performance from a production efficiency point of view. It uses the Shephard energy distance function ...to define an energy efficiency index and adopts the stochastic frontier analysis technique to estimate the index. A case study of measuring the economy-wide energy efficiency performance of a sample of OECD countries using the proposed approach is presented. It is found that the proposed parametric frontier approach has higher discriminating power in energy efficiency performance measurement compared to its nonparametric frontier counterparts.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Despite the signing of the Paris climate agreement, there is still great uncertainty regarding the world's ability to decarbonize and meet the 2°C target. In this regard, the electricity production ...sector deserves particular attention. The sector has the largest decarbonization potential and its share of the world's CO2 emissions from fuel combustion increased from 30% in 1990 to 36% in 2014. To better understand global trends, this study analyses the factors influencing changes in the global aggregate carbon intensity (ACI) of electricity, a measure of the level of CO2 emissions per unit of electricity produced, over the last 25 years using multidimensional index decomposition analysis. It finds that global ACI barely improved since 1990 because of a shift in electricity production from developed to developing countries with higher ACIs. This geographical shift offset consistent improvements to power generation efficiency worldwide and is likely to persist in the future. To keep the 2°C target realisable, it is imperative to enhance international cooperation to lower the ACIs of emerging economies and deepen the penetration of renewables, which have thus far performed below expectations.
•Global aggregate carbon intensity (ACI) of electricity has stagnated since 1990.•ACI is decomposed over 5 time periods to identify key factors driving this stagnation.•The contribution of countries and energy sources to these factors is also quantified.•Greater penetration of renewables is needed to offset the geographical shift effect.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
There has been growing interest among researchers and policymakers in comparing or benchmarking countries on the basis of their performance in energy consumption or energy-related CO2 emissions. Such ...studies allow variations among countries to be revealed, the contributing factors identified, and the scope for improvement better understood. At the same time, tracking changes or quantifying improvements in energy use or emissions over time in a country have long been a focus area of researchers and policy makers. To provide a fuller picture on country performance in a multi-country study over time, it would be of interest to integrate the above-mentioned spatial and temporal analyses in a single analysis framework. This paper deals with this issue using the technique of index decomposition analysis. A spatial–temporal approach is introduced and two application cases are presented to illustrate how the approach can be applied. The first analyzes variations and changes in the aggregate CO2 intensity of electricity production for ten countries from 1990 to 2010, and the second deals with variations and changes in the aggregate energy intensity for eight economic regions of China from 2002 to 2012. In addition, two different ways of presenting the results are introduced. Our study shows that the proposed approach can supplement studies which are conducted purely on a spatial or temporal basis.
•We introduce a ST-IDA model to integrate temporal and spatial decompositions.•Approaches to selecting reference region and time period are discussed.•We introduce two ways of presenting comparison results.•Two case studies are presented to illustrate the application of the ST-IDA model.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
In this paper we extend the methodology of index decomposition analysis (IDA) in energy studies by quantifying the contribution of individual attributes to the percent change of factors such as the ...real energy intensity index and structural change index. We apply the proposed method to the real energy intensity index in the multiplicative Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (M-LMDI) approach, a major IDA technique. Since the M-LMDI is based on geometric mean type indices and chain computation, we need some appropriate method to cope with the difficulties that arise. We present a numerical illustration of the proposed method using the energy consumption and real value added data of the US manufacturing industry, and compare the results obtained by the Fisher real energy intensity index.
► We extend the methodology of index decomposition analysis (IDA) in energy studies by quantifying the contribution of individual attributes to the percent change of factors such as the real energy index. ► We apply the proposed method to the real energy intensity index in the multiplicative Logarithmic Mean Divisia (M-LMDI) approach. ► We present a numerical illustration using the energy consumption and real value added data of the US manufacturing industry.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Since the 1973 world oil crisis, monitoring trends in energy efficiency at the economy-wide level has been an important component of energy strategy in many countries. To support this effort, various ...energy efficiency-related indicators have been developed. We examine some classical indicators which are often found in national and international energy studies in the 1970s and 1980s. We then describe the recent developments in using the index decomposition analysis to give an economy-wide composite energy efficiency index based on a bottom-up approach. This composite index is superior to the classical indicators as an economy-wide energy efficiency measure and has lately been adopted by a growing number of countries for national energy efficiency trend monitoring.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
This paper studies changes in global and national CO2 emission intensities using the multi-region structural decomposition analysis (SDA) technique. Emission intensities such as the ratio of CO2 ...emissions to GDP have lately been widely used to characterize national emission performance. Meanwhile the impact of international trade has been found to be important in global emission accounting. It is therefore important to analyze changes in emission intensities by taking trade into consideration. In this study, we first propose two SDA models, one at the global level and the other at the country level, to quantify both the domestic and trade related effects on an intensity indicator. The models are then used to study changes in global and countries' CO2 emission intensities from 2000 to 2009. The results show that sectoral emission efficiency improvement was the main contributor to the slight decrease in global emission intensity during the period, while international trade marginally hampered improvement of global emission intensity. Comparisons of the performance between emerging economies and advanced economies reveal the importance of production structure and final demand structure in emission intensity reduction. The policy implications of the findings are presented.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
Energy security has been an actively studied area in recent years. Various facets have been covered in the literature. Based on a survey of 104 studies from 2001 to June 2014, this paper reports the ...findings on the following: energy security definitions, changes in the themes of these definitions, energy security indexes, specific focused areas and methodological issues in the construction of these indexes, and energy security in the wider context of national energy policy. It is found that the definition of energy security is contextual and dynamic in nature. The scope of energy security has also expanded, with a growing emphasis on dimensions such as environmental sustainability and energy efficiency. Significant differences among studies are observed in the way in which energy security indexes are framed and constructed. These variations introduce challenges in comparing the findings among studies. Based on these findings, recommendations on studying energy security and the construction of energy security indexes are presented.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
