Traditionally, liposuction is performed on the deeper layer of fat. However, in 1983, Illouz described a liposuction technique targeting the superficial layer of fat. High-definition liposuction ...(HDL) is an advanced technique of liposuction that generates a desirable profile of anatomical area while promoting skin retraction. Although the safety profile of basic or traditional liposuction has been extensively studied, data relevant to HDL are limited. A systematic review to determine the effectiveness and complications was conducted.
Across the 21 articles included in the synthesis, a total of 6964 patients underwent HDL procedures. Of the cases where gender was reported, 44% were female patients ( n = 1241) and 56% were male patients ( n = 1556). The average age of patients was 38 years (range, 15 to 76 years) and body mass index was 25 kg/m 2 (range, 18 to 38 kg/m 2 ).
An overall complication rate of 14.4% ( n = 994) was calculated, with only 0.2% ( n = 13) of complications classified as major. Transient hyperpigmentation was the most frequently reported complication, affecting 260 patients (3.8%), followed by seroma in 231 (3.3%) and transient soft-tissue fibrosis in 185 (2.7%). Despite an absence of uniform reporting, satisfaction rates of 92.6% ( n = 1497) were reported.
There is a high demand for HDL surgery globally, and this systematic review illustrates the safety and efficacy of HDL. Major complication rates across the entirety of the literature reviewed were 0.2%, with minor complications seen in 14.2% across the 6964 cases reported. High patient satisfaction of 92.6% from HDL procedures was achieved, indicating the efficacy of this procedure.
Abstract
Background
Tuberous breast is a complex congenital breast anomaly that can be challenging to correct surgically.
Objectives
The authors conducted a systematic review with pooled analysis of ...data, with the aim of determining the effectiveness and complications related to operative management of the deformity.
Methods
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were adopted in performing this systematic review. A simplified classification system for tuberous breast deformity was developed to accurately compare data and guide analysis.
Results
The review identified 38 studies, reporting a total of 897 patients undergoing tuberous breast surgery. The mean age of patients was 24 years (range 13-53 years). Mean follow-up was 39 months. A combination of tissue rearrangement and implant augmentation was the most common technique (73% of patients) followed by fat transfer alone (9%). Breast implants were employed in 83% of patients. The mean implanted volume per breast was 263 cc. Fat grafting was performed in 13% of patients and mean volume of fat grafted per breast was 185 cc. An overall complication rate of 20% was reported. Subjective assessment of patient satisfaction was 99%, and the mean score on BREAST-Q for satisfaction with clinical outcome was 86.7. Future studies should focus on robust study designs including randomized and cohort studies, use of patient-reported outcome measures, and long-term follow-up.
Conclusions
The surgical techniques to correct tuberous breast deformity are safe, effective, and have a high satisfaction rate. Fat transfer has the capacity to provide promising results in treating tuberous breast deformity.
Level of Evidence: 4
Previous research indicates that young children, as young as preschoolers, spontaneously draw dihedral and cyclic symmetries in their representations of the natural world. This is an intriguing find ...because at this age children have barely had their first contact with formal geometry and, therefore, one would not expect to find a use of symmetries as profuse as the ones that previous research accounts for in their depictions. In keeping with this line of research, the present study examines the drawings that 190 children aged between 4 and 7 freely completed to express their understanding of the plant world. The study aims to analyse the occurrence and complexity of motifs displaying cyclic and dihedral symmetries. Moreover, the study goes beyond prior studies and also posits to explore the occurrence and complexity of motifs showing frieze patterns as well as homothety.
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Drawing is a form of creative expression that children enjoy from a young age. Drawing is also an effective and engaging strategy for exploring children's comprehension of the natural world. ...Examination of the content, colours, and developmental changes of children's drawings can provide us with valuable insights into how understanding of plant life develops during childhood. In this regard, previous studies have analysed the relationship that the representations that children draw when graphically expressing their understanding of the plant world have with the variables gender and educational level. This line of research has established that children's drawings of the plant world vary significantly when those drawn by older children are compared with those drawn by younger students and that the differences between girls and boys seem irrelevant. However, no studies have investigated the combined influence that both variables (gender and educational level) have on children's representation of the plant world. This study investigated this influence by examining 251 drawings by young children (aged 4–7 years). The results indicated that gender and educational level influenced key pictorial elements. Thus, that when comparing the understanding of biological phenomena through drawings between girls and boys, it is important to control for educational level.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study examines the drawings that 178 young children carried out on two different occasions separated by a period of one year to explain their understanding of the plant world. The pictorial ...content of the drawings was analysed in accordance to the categories that previous research has proved to be useful when it comes to gaining an insight into the examination of the depictions regarding flora in early childhood. The study provides evidence with respect to the changes in the pictorial content occurring in the whole of the sample as well as the four age groups or cohorts involved in the research project. The conclusions are discussed in the light of the evidence that preceding studies offer on the issue of graphical expression about botanical topics in early childhood and lend weight to the importance that early educational interventions have so as to improve young children's understanding of plan life.
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Drawing activities are believed to be a useful methodology to gain insight into young children's thoughts and ideas related to a diverse range of research topics. In this respect, the study of ...drawings has proven to be a valuable procedure with a view to unravelling how the natural world is conceptualised in early childhood. The present study examines the content of the drawings that 328 Spanish children aged between of 4 and 7 carried out in their bid to express their understanding of plant life and the data collected is related to the potential for connecting with nature which may be offered by the location of their educational centres. The results show slight but significant differences between the depictions undertaken by the children attending schools in rural environments, and those made by their peer group in urban centres. The evidence and conclusions of the study are coherent with the assumption that as early as kindergarten age, children are well involved in attempting to give meaning to their nature-based experiences.
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Abstract
We discuss the suitability of several sampling methods in terms of effort, efficiency, accuracy, obtained data, and the degree of disturbance in the endangered crayfish Austropotamobius ...pallipes (Lereboullet, 1858) and its habitat. Not all sampling strategies can be undertaken in headwater streams, and it is difficult to reach and work in remote areas. We compared three different sampling methods for five years at five sites in two small headwater streams in the Basque Country (Euskadi), northern Iberian Peninsula. We used night viewing from the river bank, hand searching during one removal pass, and the removal method by hand searching (abundance estimates) to determine their accuracy, efficiency, effort, and the disruption of crayfish and their habitat. Comparison of data between both relative abundance estimates, evaluated as captures per unit effort, were not significantly different between the estimates but they both differed significantly from the abundance estimates. Night hand searching or night viewing from the river bank required a longer surveying time and even some risk due to night work. Daylight manual searching could be consequently suitable if management of the species is supported by presence/absence data. The removal method is otherwise recommended when population estimates are required, even if it implies greater disturbance and effort from surveyors.
The present study examines a sample of 220 pieces of news related to human evolution, written in Spanish and published over a period of two years, both in digital and print media. The aim of this ...study is to assess the rigor and coherence of the information in the news in our sample with scientific knowledge on the theory of evolution. To this end, errors and the incorrect use of concepts related to biological evolution are identified, classified according to criteria resulting from the review of previous studies, and finally, the frequency of errors identified in news published in print media is compared with that identified in digital media. The results presented allow us to highlight the significantly high frequency of errors in the news analyzed and the most frequent error categories. Results are discussed within the frame of the important role that scientific journalism plays in the processes of knowledge dissemination, in this case, related to human evolution.
In this work we study finite-order automorphisms of the moduli space of principal G-bundles coming from outer automorphisms of the structure group when G is a simple complex Lie group. We do this by ...describing the subvarieties of fixed points for the action of that automorphisms on the moduli space of principal G-bundles. In particular, we prove that these fixed points are reductions of structure group to the subgroup of fixed points of the outer automorphism. Moreover, we study the way in which these fixed points fall into the stable or nonstable locus of the moduli.
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