Transiting exoplanet parameter estimation from time-series photometry and Doppler spectroscopy is fundamental to study planets' internal structures and compositions. Here we present the code pyaneti, ...a powerful and user-friendly software suite to perform multi-planet radial velocity and transit data fitting. The code uses a Bayesian approach combined with an MCMC sampling to estimate the parameters of planetary systems. We combine the numerical efficiency of FORTRAN, the versatility of PYTHON, and the parallelization of OpenMP to make pyaneti a fast and easy to use code. The package is freely available at https://github.com/oscaribv/pyaneti.
Both classical and relativistic weak-field and slow-motion perturbations to planetary orbits can be treated as perturbative corrections to the Keplerian model. In particular, tidal forces and General ...Relativity (GR) induce small precession rates of the apsidal line. Accurate measurements of these effects in transiting exoplanets could be used to test GR and to gain information about the planetary interiors. Unfortunately, models for transiting planets have a high degree of degeneracy in the orbital parameters that, combined to the uncertainties of photometric transit observations, results in large errors on the determinations of the argument of periastron and precludes a direct evaluation of the apsidal line precession. Moreover, tidal and GR precession time-scales are many order of magnitudes larger than orbital periods, so that on the observational time-spans required to cumulate a precession signal enough strong to be detected, even small systematic errors in transit ephemerides add up to cancel out the tiny variations due to precession. Here we present a more feasible solution to detect tidal and GR precession rates through the observation of variations of the time interval (\(\Delta \tau\)) between primary and secondary transits of hot Jupiters and propose the most promising target for such detection, WASP-14 b. For this planet we expect a cumulated \(\Delta \tau\) \(\approx\) -250 s, due to tidal and relativistic precession, since its first photometric observations.
We present a detailed analysis of HARPS-N radial velocity observations of K2-100, a young and active star in the Praesepe cluster, which hosts a transiting planet with a period of 1.7 days. We model ...the activity-induced radial velocity variations of the host star with a multi-dimensional Gaussian Process framework and detect a planetary signal of \(10.6 \pm 3.0 {\rm m\,s^{-1}}\), which matches the transit ephemeris, and translates to a planet mass of \(21.8 \pm 6.2 M_\oplus\). We perform a suite of validation tests to confirm that our detected signal is genuine. This is the first mass measurement for a transiting planet in a young open cluster. The relatively low density of the planet, \(2.04^{+0.66}_{-0.61} {\rm g\,cm^{-3}}\), implies that K2-100b retains a significant volatile envelope. We estimate that the planet is losing its atmosphere at a rate of \(10^{11}-10^{12}\,{\rm g\,s^{-1}}\) due to the high level of radiation it receives from its host star.
We report the discovery of two transiting planets orbiting K2-290 (EPIC 249624646), a bright (V=11.11) late F-type star residing in a triple-star system. It was observed during Campaign 15 of the K2 ...mission, and in order to confirm and characterise the system, follow-up spectroscopy and AO imaging were carried out using the FIES, HARPS, HARPS-N, and IRCS instruments. From AO imaging and Gaia data we identify two M-dwarf companions at a separation of \(113 \pm 2\) AU and \(2467_{-155}^{+177}\) AU. From radial velocities, K2 photometry, and stellar characterisation of the host star, we find the inner planet to be a mini-Neptune with a radius of \(3.06 \pm 0.16 R_{\oplus}\) and an orbital period of \(P = 9.2\) days. The radius of the mini-Neptune suggests that the planet is located above the radius valley, and with an incident flux of \(F\sim 400 F_{\oplus}\), it lies safely outside the super-Earth desert. The outer warm Jupiter has a mass of \(0.774\pm 0.047 M_{\rm J}\) and a radius of \(1.006\pm 0.050R_{\rm J}\), and orbits the host star every 48.4 days on an orbit with an eccentricity \(e<0.241\). Its mild eccentricity and mini-Neptune sibling suggest that the warm Jupiter originates from in situ formation or disk migration.
A&A 612, A95 (2018) We report on the discovery of K2-141 b (EPIC 246393474 b), an
ultra-short-period super-Earth on a 6.7-hour orbit transiting an active K7 V
star based on data from K2 campaign 12. ...We confirmed the planet's existence and
measured its mass with a series of follow-up observations: seeing-limited
MuSCAT imaging, NESSI high-resolution speckle observations, and FIES and HARPS
high-precision radial-velocity monitoring. K2-141 b has a mass of $5.31 \pm
0.46 $ $M_{\oplus}$ and radius of $1.54^{+0.10}_{-0.09}$ $R_{\oplus}$, yielding
a mean density of $8.00_{ - 1.45 } ^ { + 1.83 }$ $\mathrm{g\,cm^{-3}}$ and
suggesting a rocky-iron composition. Models indicate that iron cannot exceed
$\sim$70 % of the total mass. With an orbital period of only 6.7 hours, K2-141
b is the shortest-period planet known to date with a precisely determined mass.
We report the discovery from K2 of a transiting terrestrial planet in an ultra-short-period orbit around an M3-dwarf. K2-137 b completes an orbit in only 4.3 hours, the second-shortest orbital period ...of any known planet, just 4 minutes longer than that of KOI 1843.03, which also orbits an M-dwarf. Using a combination of archival images, AO imaging, RV measurements, and light curve modelling, we show that no plausible eclipsing binary scenario can explain the K2 light curve, and thus confirm the planetary nature of the system. The planet, whose radius we determine to be 0.89 +/- 0.09 Earth radii, and which must have a iron mass fraction greater than 0.45, orbits a star of mass 0.463 +/- 0.052 Msol and radius 0.442 +/- 0.044 Rsol.
Aims. GJ 9827 (K2-135) has recently been found to host a tightly packed system consisting of three transiting small planets whose orbital periods of 1.2, 3.6, and 6.2 days are near the 1:3:5 ratio. ...GJ 9827 hosts the nearest planetary system (d = \(30.32\pm1.62\) pc) detected by Kepler and K2 . Its brightness (V = 10.35 mag) makes the star an ideal target for detailed studies of the properties of its planets. Results. We find that GJ 9827 b has a mass of \(M_\mathrm{b}=3.74^{+0.50}_{-0.48}\) \(M_\oplus\) and a radius of \(R_\mathrm{b}=1.62^{+0.17}_{-0.16}\) \(R_\oplus\), yielding a mean density of \(\rho_\mathrm{b} = 4.81^{+1.97}_{-1.33}\) g cm\(^{-3}\). GJ 9827 c has a mass of \(M_\mathrm{c}=1.47^{+0.59}_{-0.58}\) \(M_\oplus\), radius of \(R_\mathrm{c}=1.27^{+0.13}_{-0.13}\) \(R_\oplus\), and a mean density of \(\rho_\mathrm{c}= 3.87^{+2.38}_{-1.71}\) g cm\(^{-3}\). For GJ 9827 d we derive \(M_\mathrm{d}=2.38^{+0.71}_{-0.69}\) \(M_\oplus\), \(R_\mathrm{d}=2.09^{+0.22}_{-0.21}\) \(R_\oplus\), and \(\rho_\mathrm{d}= 1.42^{+0.75}_{-0.52}\) g cm\(^{-3}\). Conclusions. GJ 9827 is one of the few known transiting planetary systems for which the masses of all planets have been determined with a precision better than 30%. This system is particularly interesting because all three planets are close to the limit between super-Earths and mini-Neptunes. We also find that the planetary bulk compositions are compatible with a scenario where all three planets formed with similar core/atmosphere compositions, and we speculate that while GJ 9827 b and GJ 9827 c lost their atmospheric envelopes, GJ 9827 d maintained its atmosphere, owing to the much lower stellar irradiation. This makes GJ 9827 one of the very few systems where the dynamical evolution and the atmospheric escape can be studied in detail for all planets, helping us to understand how compact systems form and evolve.
Planets in the mass range from 2 to 15 MEarth are very diverse. Some of them have low densities, while others are very dense. By measuring the masses and radii, the mean densities, structure, and ...composition of the planets are constrained. These parameters also give us important information about their formation and evolution, and about possible processes for atmospheric loss.We determined the masses, radii, and mean densities for the two transiting planets orbiting K2-106. The inner planet has an ultra-short period of 0.57 days. The period of the outer planet is 13.3 days.Although the two planets have similar masses, their densities are very different. For K2-106b we derive Mb=8.36-0.94+0.96 MEarh, Rb=1.52+/-0.16 REarth, and a high density of 13.1-3.6+5.4 gcm-3. For K2-106c, we find Mc=5.8-3.0+3.3 MEarth, Rc=2.50-0.26+0.27 REarth and a relatively low density of 2.0-1.1+1.6 gcm-3.Since the system contains two planets of almost the same mass, but different distances from the host star, it is an excellent laboratory to study atmospheric escape. In agreement with the theory of atmospheric-loss processes, it is likely that the outer planet has a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere. The mass and radius of the inner planet is in agreement with theoretical models predicting an iron core containing 80+20-30% of its mass. Such a high metal content is surprising, particularly given that the star has an ordinary (solar) metal abundance. We discuss various possible formation scenarios for this unusual planet.
We report on the discovery of K2-141 b (EPIC 246393474 b), an ultra-short-period super-Earth on a 6.7-hour orbit transiting an active K7 V star based on data from K2 campaign 12. We confirmed the ...planet's existence and measured its mass with a series of follow-up observations: seeing-limited MuSCAT imaging, NESSI high-resolution speckle observations, and FIES and HARPS high-precision radial-velocity monitoring. K2-141 b has a mass of \(5.31 \pm 0.46 \) \(M_{\oplus}\) and radius of \(1.54^{+0.10}_{-0.09}\) \(R_{\oplus}\), yielding a mean density of \(8.00_{ - 1.45 } ^ { + 1.83 }\) \(\mathrm{g\,cm^{-3}}\) and suggesting a rocky-iron composition. Models indicate that iron cannot exceed \(\sim\)70 % of the total mass. With an orbital period of only 6.7 hours, K2-141 b is the shortest-period planet known to date with a precisely determined mass.
We report on the discovery of K2-141 b (EPIC 246393474 b), an ultra-short-period super-Earth on a 6.7 h orbit transiting an active K7 V star based on data from K2 campaign 12. We confirmed the ...planet's existence and measured its mass with a series of follow-up observations: seeing-limited Muscat imaging, NESSI high-resolution speckle observations, and FIES and HARPS high-precision radial-velocity monitoring. K2-141 b has a mass of 5.31 ± 0.46 M ⊗ and radius of 1.54 -0.09 +0.10 R ⊗ , yielding a mean density of 8.00 -1.45 +1.83 g cm -3 and suggesting a rocky-iron composition. Models indicate that iron cannot exceed ∼70% of the total mass. With an orbital period of only 6.7 h, K2-141 b is the shortest-period planet known to date with a precisely determined mass.
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