Abstract
ATTED-II (http://atted.jp) is a coexpression database for plant species to aid in the discovery of relationships of unknown genes within a species. As an advanced coexpression analysis ...method, multispecies comparisons have the potential to detect alterations in gene relationships within an evolutionary context. However, determining the validity of comparative coexpression studies is difficult without quantitative assessments of the quality of coexpression data. ATTED-II (version 9) provides 16 coexpression platforms for nine plant species, including seven species supported by both microarray- and RNA sequencing (RNAseq)-based coexpression data. Two independent sources of coexpression data enable the assessment of the reproducibility of coexpression. The latest coexpression data for Arabidopsis (Ath-m.c7-1 and Ath-r.c3-0) showed the highest reproducibility (Jaccard coefficient = 0.13) among previous coexpression data in ATTED-II. We also investigated the statistical basis of the mutual rank (MR) index as a coexpression measure by bootstrap sampling of experimental units. We found that the error distribution of the logit-transformed MR index showed normality with equal variances for each coexpression platform. Because the MR error was strongly correlated with the number of samples for the coexpression data, typical confidence intervals for the MR index can be estimated for any coexpression platform. These new, high-quality coexpression data can be analyzed with any tool in ATTED-II and combined with external resources to obtain insight into plant biology.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract
The advent of RNA-sequencing and microarray technologies has led to rapid growth of transcriptome data generated for a wide range of organisms, under various cellular, organ and individual ...conditions. Since the number of possible combinations of intercellular and extracellular conditions is almost unlimited, cataloging all transcriptome conditions would be an immeasurable challenge. Gene coexpression refers to the similarity of gene expression patterns under various conditions, such as disease states, tissue types, and developmental stages. Since the quality of gene coexpression data depends on the quality and quantity of transcriptome data, timely usage of the growing data is key to promoting individual research in molecular biology. COXPRESdb (http://coxpresdb.jp) is a database providing coexpression information for 11 animal species. One characteristic feature of COXPRESdb is its ability to compare multiple coexpression data derived from different transcriptomics technologies and different species, which strongly reduces false positive relationships in individual gene coexpression data. Here, we summarized the current version of this database, including 23 coexpression platforms with the highest-level quality till date. Using various functionalities in COXPRESdb, the new coexpression data would support a broader area of research from molecular biology to medical sciences.
Abstract
ATTED-II (https://atted.jp) is a gene coexpression database for nine plant species based on publicly available RNAseq and microarray data. One of the challenges in constructing ...condition-independent coexpression data based on publicly available gene expression data is managing the inherent sampling bias. Here, we report ATTED-II version 11, wherein we adopted a coexpression calculation methodology to balance the samples using principal component analysis and ensemble calculation. This approach has two advantages. First, omitting principal components with low contribution rates reduces the main contributors of noise. Second, balancing large differences in contribution rates enables considering various sample conditions entirely. In addition, based on RNAseq- and microarray-based coexpression data, we provide species-representative, integrated coexpression information to enhance the efficiency of interspecies comparison of the coexpression data. These coexpression data are provided as a standardized z-score to facilitate integrated analysis with different data sources. We believe that with these improvements, ATTED-II is more valuable and powerful for supporting interspecies comparative studies and integrated analyses using heterogeneous data.
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Land plants produce diverse flavonoids for growth, survival, and reproduction. Chalcone synthase is the first committed enzyme of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway and catalyzes the production of ...2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone (THC). However, it also produces other polyketides, including p-coumaroyltriacetic acid lactone (CTAL), because of the derailment of the chalcone-producing pathway. This promiscuity of CHS catalysis adversely affects the efficiency of flavonoid biosynthesis, although it is also believed to have led to the evolution of stilbene synthase and p-coumaroyltriacetic acid synthase. In this study, we establish that chalcone isomerase-like proteins (CHILs), which are encoded by genes that are ubiquitous in land plant genomes, bind to CHS to enhance THC production and decrease CTAL formation, thereby rectifying the promiscuous CHS catalysis. This CHIL function has been confirmed in diverse land plant species, and represents a conserved strategy facilitating the efficient influx of substrates from the phenylpropanoid pathway to the flavonoid pathway.
Abstract
In the Tohoku Medical Megabank project, genome and omics analyses of participants in two cohort studies were performed. A part of the data is available at the Japanese Multi Omics Reference ...Panel (jMorp; https://jmorp.megabank.tohoku.ac.jp) as a web-based database, as reported in our previous manuscript published in Nucleic Acid Research in 2018. At that time, jMorp mainly consisted of metabolome data; however, now genome, methylome, and transcriptome data have been integrated in addition to the enhancement of the number of samples for the metabolome data. For genomic data, jMorp provides a Japanese reference sequence obtained using de novo assembly of sequences from three Japanese individuals and allele frequencies obtained using whole-genome sequencing of 8,380 Japanese individuals. In addition, the omics data include methylome and transcriptome data from ∼300 samples and distribution of concentrations of more than 755 metabolites obtained using high-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance and high-sensitivity mass spectrometry. In summary, jMorp now provides four different kinds of omics data (genome, methylome, transcriptome, and metabolome), with a user-friendly web interface. This will be a useful scientific data resource on the general population for the discovery of disease biomarkers and personalized disease prevention and early diagnosis.
Saponins are the group of plant specialized metabolites which are widely distributed in angiosperm plants and have various biological activities. The present study focused on α-tomatine, a major ...saponin present in tissues of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. α-Tomatine is responsible for defense against plant pathogens and herbivores, but its biological function in the rhizosphere remains unknown. Secretion of tomatine was higher at the early growth than the green-fruit stage in hydroponically grown plants, and the concentration of tomatine in the rhizosphere of field-grown plants was higher than that of the bulk soil at all growth stages. The effects of tomatine and its aglycone tomatidine on the bacterial communities in the soil were evaluated in vitro, revealing that both compounds influenced the microbiome in a concentration-dependent manner. Numerous bacterial families were influenced in tomatine/tomatidine-treated soil as well as in the tomato rhizosphere. Sphingomonadaceae species, which are commonly observed and enriched in tomato rhizospheres in the fields, were also enriched in tomatine- and tomatidine-treated soils. Moreover, a jasmonate-responsive ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 4 mutant associated with low tomatine production caused the root-associated bacterial communities to change with a reduced abundance of Sphingomonadaceae. Taken together, our results highlight the role of tomatine in shaping the bacterial communities of the rhizosphere and suggest additional functions of tomatine in belowground biological communication.
Natural rubber (NR) is stored in latex as rubber particles (RPs), rubber molecules surrounded by a lipid monolayer. Rubber transferase (RTase), the enzyme responsible for NR biosynthesis, is believed ...to be a member of the
-prenyltransferase (cPT) family. However, none of the recombinant cPTs have shown RTase activity independently. We show that HRT1, a cPT from
, exhibits distinct RTase activity in vitro only when it is introduced on detergent-washed
RPs (WRPs) by a cell-free translation-coupled system. Using this system, a heterologous cPT from
also exhibited RTase activity, indicating proper introduction of cPT on RP is the key to reconstitute active RTase. RP proteomics and interaction network analyses revealed the formation of the protein complex consisting of HRT1, rubber elongation factor (REF) and HRT1-REF BRIDGING PROTEIN. The RTase activity enhancement observed for the complex assembled on WRPs indicates the HRT1-containing complex functions as the NR biosynthetic machinery.
Aberrant activation of NRF2 is as a critical prognostic factor that drives the malignant progression of various cancers. Cancer cells with persistent NRF2 activation heavily rely on NRF2 activity for ...therapeutic resistance and aggressive tumorigenic capacity. To clarify the metabolic features of NRF2‐activated lung cancers, we conducted targeted metabolomic (T‐Met) and global metabolomic (G‐Met) analyses of non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines in combination with exome and transcriptome analyses. Exome analysis of 88 cell lines (49 adenocarcinoma, 14 large cell carcinoma, 15 squamous cell carcinoma and 10 others) identified non–synonymous mutations in the KEAP1, NRF2 and CUL3 genes. Judging from the elevated expression of NRF2 target genes, these mutations are expected to result in the constitutive stabilization of NRF2. Out of the 88 cell lines, 52 NSCLC cell lines (29 adenocarcinoma, 10 large cell carcinoma, 9 squamous cell carcinoma and 4 others) were subjected to T‐Met analysis. Classification of the 52 cell lines into three groups according to the NRF2 target gene expression enabled us to draw typical metabolomic signatures induced by NRF2 activation. From the 52 cell lines, 18 NSCLC cell lines (14 adenocarcinoma, 2 large cell carcinoma, 1 squamous cell carcinoma and 1 others) were further chosen for G‐Met and detailed transcriptome analyses. G‐Met analysis of their culture supernatants revealed novel metabolites associated with NRF2 activity, which may be potential diagnostic biomarkers of NRF2 activation. This study also provides useful information for the exploration of new metabolic nodes for selective toxicity towards NRF2‐activated NSCLC.
This study examined impacts of NRF2 activation in NSCLC cell lines on their extracellular metabolites.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
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