A city's brand is increasingly considered an important asset for urban development and an effective tool for cities to distinguish themselves and improve their positioning. The introduction of ...corporate-level marketing concepts and, especially, corporate branding has significantly contributed towards the development of a city branding theory. In practice, however, there is an evident confusion of a wide branding strategy with one of its components, namely the design of a new logo and slogan or, at best, the development of a promotional campaign. This paper first describes the rise of city branding and the reasons of its popularity and, after a short review of the basic elements of corporate branding, it goes on to identify essential similarities between these two forms of branding. It finally detects the need to adapt any branding tools to the needs of cities and addresses the necessity of a comprehensive city brand management framework.
Summary
Models of political decision making often assume that politicians are fully informed on voters' preferences. Still, while they may be privileged witnesses of the democratic process, ...real‐world politicians typically act upon imperfect information. Using a large scale survey among (498) Belgian local politicians we analyse whether and to what extent politicians are informed on public opinion. More precisely, we analyse their predictions of the electoral result of their own party in an upcoming election. The focus is on the impact of the electorate's complexity on this prediction accuracy. Complexity is defined in terms of the size and heterogeneity of the electorate. Complexity is found to affect both cognitive (prediction accuracy becomes smaller) and affective (predictions are biased through wishful thinking) processes underlying the politician's prediction. The empirical results show that smaller electorates have better informed politicians (with smaller prediction errors and less subject to wishful thinking), offering a case for decentralized government. Heterogeneity has a bearing on prediction accuracy and wishful thinking. Interestingly, the effects differ between politicians in power and those in opposition.
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The second and concluding volume of Professor Ashworth's study of American antebellum politics, this book offers an exciting new interpretation of the origins of the Civil War. The volume deals with ...the politics of the 1850s and with the plunge into civil war. Professor Ashworth offers a new way of understanding the conflict between North and South and shows how northern free labor increasingly came into conflict with southern slavery as a result of both changes in the northern economy and the structural weaknesses of slavery.
Tourism is well established as an important part of the new service economy, and the rewards it offers have stimulated intense competition in the tourism industry. Many destinations compete to ...attract potential tourists, each place having to work hard to distinguish itself from rivals offering similar or alternative attractions. This book, originally published in 1990, explores how destinations invest increasing amounts of time and money into developing and promoting their 'products'.
The contributors, from both academic institutes and the tourism industry, provide a multidisciplinary and professional analysis of what can be done to sell tourism places. Using both theoretical and empirical approaches, they give examples from different areas of the industry and evaluate different strategies a destination can adopt for maintaining and increasing its market share. All the contributors emphasize that selling tourism places must be a dynamic activity in which the place products are constantly monitored, so that they can be revitalized, repositioned, or renewed in the market context.
Objectives: This study assessed the effectiveness of clinical education to identify patients with a high risk for violence and to reduce the frequency of violent incidents.
Design: A before and after ...design with an education intervention.
Setting: Data were gathered from the direct care staff and from records of violent/aggressive incidents which occurred on two adult medical wards at a teaching hospital in Western Australia.
Subjects: Nurses, Assistants in Nursing and Patient Care Assistants working on the study wards participated in the education intervention (n=65) and completed a questionnaire before and after the education. Details of 48 violent/aggressive incidents perpetrated by 21 patients were examined.
Intervention: An education program addressed four key areas (assessment, planning, implementation crisis, post incident). Case studies and in-patient scenarios provided context, immediacy and relevance, and 77% of the staff completed the program.
Main outcome measure: Knowledge, confidence and capability of direct care staff to prevent/manage violent/aggressive incidents were measured. Incident data measured the frequency and recurrence of violence/aggression, and if perpetrators met the high risk criteria.
Results: Post education, knowledge increased significantly (p=0.001, CI 0.256-0.542), the use of verbal de-escalation increased significantly (p=0.011, 1df) and the frequency and recurrence of incidents decreased. All perpetrators met criteria indicating a high risk for violence.
Conclusions: Education and coaching provided by clinical experts resulted in increased knowledge, greater use of verbal de-escalation and less incidents. However, more time/coaching is required to improve the perceived capability of clinical staff to manage these incidents.
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36.
Pluralising Pasts Ashworth, G. J; Graham, Brian; Tunbridge, J. E
2007, 2007-10-20, 20070101, Volume:
55581
eBook
Analyses debates around the multi-billion pound 'heritage' industry.
This book examines how different sections of the tourism industry attempt to reach their markets. A wide range of distinctive forms of holiday are considered, and the influence their characteristics ...have on how they are marketed is discussed. But the approach is also comparative, and the relative success each area of the industry has in reaching its market is evaluated.
Results of laboratory and field tests suggest that chelating agents could be used to alleviate adverse soil properties caused by excess sodium, such as low permeability. Adding multi-dentate ...carboxylic acid chelating agents to sodic soil, or to mixtures of soil with sodium-contaminated waste, significantly reduced sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) values. Judging from cation concentrations in saturated paste (sat. paste) filtrates, chelating agents act to ameliorate soil sodicity by releasing Ca and to a lesser extent Mg from undissolved compounds. After adding chelating agents to moist soils that contained free lime, measured weight losses were consistent with CO
2
evolution due to CaCO
3
decomposition. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the sat. paste filtrate of materials treated with chelating agents increased less than when equivalent Ca or Mg was supplied in conventional, soluble form. Bigger sat. paste vacuum filtration volumes, improved soil permeability and faster field infiltration rates were observed after treatment with chelating agents. The Ca- and Mg-complexes of agents such as citric and malic acid degrade in moist soil; such agents could perhaps be used in a series of applications to improve ease of cultivation and permeability of cropped land. The agent ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) forms stable complexes, and could therefore be used as a one-time treatment for sodic materials that are to be disposed of by burial, following guidelines for soil SAR and EC.
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In this paper, we estimate separate UK money demand functions for the household and corporate sectors; and calculate estimates of the welfare cost of inflation. We find that the household sector ...bears most of the welfare burden which is in sharp contrast to previous (US) evidence. Also, we find aggregate welfare cost estimates that are much smaller than previous (largely US) estimates—sufficiently smaller as to challenge the oft‐quoted Lucas finding that shoe leather costs are by no means trivial. For the UK, we find welfare costs no greater than one tenth of a per cent of real income.
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