•Modeling the optimal protection coordination strategy for grid-connected and islanded micro-grid based on the daily data of optimal operation of this network.•Considering RES and ESS simultaneously ...in the OPC method, where previous researches select only the constant capacity for DGs.•Investigating the impact of the energy management for DGs and ESS on the OPC using the protection coordination index.•Using reliable and secure solver such as CSA with low standard deviation in the large scale problem of the OPC method.
This paper presents the optimal protection coordination (OPC) to grid-connected and islanded micro-grid (MG) consisting renewable energy sources (RESs), and energy storage system (ESS). The proposed approach considers objective function as minimizing the total operation time of the dual setting overcurrent relays (DSORs) in primary and backup protection mode. Problem constraints are the regulation parameters limits of the DSROs, sizing limit of FCLs and also the coordination time interval (CTI) inequality. MG includes generally RESs and ESS, hence, this problem needs to the daily optimal operation results of MG in both grid-connected and islanded modes to obtain the network variables before the fault occurrence. Therefore, it is minimized the MG operation and load shedding costs of islanded MG while it is constrained to MG optimal power flow equation in the presence of RESs and ESS. The proposed OPC includes non-linear model, hence, this paper uses the crow search algorithm (CSA) to obtain a reliable and optimal solution for this formulation. Finally, this strategy is implemented on the 9-bus and 32-bus MGs, thus, it can obtain the high quick protective solution for these MGs by selecting optimal regulation parameters and sizing to DSORs and FCLs, respectively, according to numerical results.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This paper presents a two-layer energy management model (EMM) in the smart distribution network (SDN) considering flexi-renewable virtual power plants (FRVPPs) that participate in the day-ahead ...energy and reserve markets. The first layer of EMM is applied to the FRVPPs to maximize their profit in the proposed markets subjected to the constraints of renewable and flexible sources with considering coordination between these sources and VPP operator (VPPO). Also, the second layer of EMM creates coordination between VPPOs and the distribution system operator to manage the SDN based on minimizing the summation of network energy loss and voltage deviation function as a linear normalized objective function while it subjects to the linear format of AC optimal power flow equations. This model contains uncertainties of load, market price, maximum power of renewable energy sources and demand of flexible sources, where stochastic programming is used to model these uncertain parameters. The proposed model includes bi-level optimization model that is solved by the Benders decomposition approach to achieve an optimal solution at low calculation time. Finally, the capabilities of the proposed model have been investigated by implementing on the IEEE 69-bus distribution network.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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