Interviews of 47 Swedish subjects, therapists, clergymen, and car salesmen were used to investigate relationships between 22 greeting behaviours and 12 psychogenic needs mainly drawn from the ...Cecarec-Marke Personality Schedule. Analysis showed that most of the subjects agreed about the personality characteristics of greeting behaviours, especially regarding the dimensions of introversion and extraversion. The results confirm those from earlier studies that some greeting behaviours are potentially valid in assessing personality.
The aim and focus of this article is to present some circumstances under which hugging occurs, as well as to describe its development from a focus on greeting behavior to therapeutic effects, ...reflected in emotional, physiological, and biochemical alterations. The sensation of a hug for a single person also can be evoked with electrical brain stimulation. The purpose of this article is to clarify understanding of the circumstances under which this type of behavior presents itself in Western culture. Based on published literature as well as personal observation, the article points to the fact that hugging is not only a part of greeting behavior, but also has its place as a display of empathy and/or gratitude. The importance of hugging from childhood to adulthood is discussed and clarified. The psychological and physiological ramifications of this behavior are discussed.
A generic model is introduced for brittle fragmentation in D dimensions, and this model is shown to lead to a fragment-size distribution with two distinct components. In the small fragment-size limit ...a scale-invariant size distribution results from a crack branching-merging process. At larger sizes the distribution becomes exponential as a result of a Poisson process, which introduces a large-scale cutoff. Numerical simulations are used to demonstrate the validity of the distribution for D=2. Data from laboratory-scale experiments and large-scale quarry blastings of granitic gneiss confirm its validity for D=3. In the experiments the nonzero grain size of rock causes deviation from the ideal model distribution in the small-size limit. The size of the cutoff seems to diverge at the minimum energy sufficient for fragmentation to occur, but the scaling exponent is not universal.
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The approaching & closing salutation phases of introductory greetings between naive Swedish adults (N = 50) & experimenters were examined in a laboratory setting. A Swedish personality inventory ...schedule was one instrument of measurement used with the video-recorded greeting events data. Positive intercorrelations were found between sex, body height, & hand vigor. Significant correlations were revealed between (1) walking speed & mutual look, (2) walking speed & foot distance, (3) mutual look & smile, & (4) smile & foot distance. Consistency, dryness, & strength also contributed to significant correlations. A handshake preference survey from the Ss showed that a limp, loose, cold, & wet handshake was considered the most unpleasant. Results are compared with those from an American study. 14 Tables, 2 Figures, 48 References. L. Borgen
Transient visual cues for scrolling Kaptelinin, Victor; Mäntylä, Timo; Åström, Jan
CHI '02 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems,
04/2002
Conference Proceeding
The paper reports an empirical study, in which regular scrolling was compared with a novel scrolling technique featuring transient visual cues (TVC), that is, visual cues temporarily presented on a ...page to help the user locate new contents. An advantage of scrolling supported with TVC over traditional scrolling was found.
An interview study of 79 Swedish psychotherapists was performed to investigate their attitudes towards and observation of nonverbal communication in a reference situation in relation to background ...factors such as gender, length of professional experience, and theoretical approach. The greeting situation, i.e., the first time a therapist and patient meet in a waiting-room, was chosen as the reference situation. Face communication in that greeting situation was significantly less achieved by male psychotherapists with relatively short experience than by female therapists. However, this sex difference was not significant among therapists whose psychotherapeutic experience was longer than 13 years. Attaching great importance to nonverbal communication in psychotherapy was related to an intention to be well-kept and to perform correctly in front of the patient, to establish direct communication in the greeting situation, and to background factors such as frequent work in psychotherapy and an eclectic psychotherapeutic approach.
An interview study of 50 Swedish nonpsychotic outpatients treated by some kind of psychotherapy was performed to investigate their attitudes towards and observations of nonverbal communication in a ...greeting situation according to the Questionnaire on Nonverbal Communication (psychotherapy patients' version) in relation to background factors such as gender, age, education, and profession, interest in psychological matters, "reading articles and books in psychology," duration of professional help for psychological troubles, number of occasions waiting for a new therapist, and number of therapeutic sessions before the interview. The greeting situation was the first time a patient and a therapist met in a waiting room. Test-retest reliability of the questionnaire was larger for items about observation of nonverbal communication than for those about attitudes. Face communication (eye contact and smile) was considered by the subjects to constitute the most important nonverbal communication in the greeting process. The importance of the face in communication was stressed when the patient believed that such communication corresponded to more than 50% of the total communication in general, was female, was elderly, or reported special interest in nonverbal communication in the greeting situation. Some effects of bias were discussed. The analyses also showed a considerable consciousness and observation in the greeting situation by many psychotherapeutic outpatients.
O controle da poluição é uma tarefa que envolve uma estrutura inter-disciplinar, abrangendo desde aspectos de ética até questões ecológicas. O papel da economia, nesta estrutura, não se restringe ao ...cálculo da relação benefício/custo. Sua principal função é de formuladora de modelos que permitem compreender o processo da poluição e do comportamento dos agentes poluidores frente às políticas (e instrumentos) de controle da mesma. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do programa de controle da poluição em água, adotado no Estado de São Paulo, o presente trabalho é dividido em três partes. Inicialmente são discutidas as causas da poluição e as soluções "first-best" e "second-best". Na segunda parte são discutidos os modelos de funcionamento e quantificação dos instrumentos de controle da poluição. Finalmente são apresentados a situação da poluição aquática no Estado, a estrutura institucional correlata ao seu controle e a descrição da política adotada. Também é feita uma análise comparativa dos instrumentos entre si, permitindo identificar aqueles de maior aplicabilidade e a comparação dos mesmos com a política adotada no Estado de São Paulo.
The pollution control is an inter-disciplinary matter, involving from ethical to ecological aspects. The roll of economics is not restricted to the calculation of cost/benefit ratios. Its most relevant function is to formulate models wich allows one to better understand the pollution process and the polluters behavior against pollution control policies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the water pollution control program adopted in the state of São Paulo. The work is di vided into three parts. Firstly the causes of pollution and the first and second-best solutions are discussed. Following that, pollution control's policies are discussed. Finally, policies adopted in the estate of São Paulo and the institutional organization of the State Environmental Protection Agency, are presented and discussed.
A questionnaire was designed for the assessment of psychotherapists' attitudes toward nonverbal communication and their observation of it in a reference situation, i.e., the first time the therapist ...and the patient meet in a waiting room. The interrater reliability of the questionnaire was measured. Upon minor modifications, a final version of the questionnaire was completed, and the intrarater (test-retest) reliability, the discriminating capacity, and the homogeneity of the questionnaire were studied. The questionnaire has satisfactory psychometric qualities for use in research on nonverbal communication in psychotherapeutic greeting.
Precipitation of exceptionally 13C-depleted authigenic carbonate is a result of, and thus a tracer for, sulphate-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation, particularly in marine sediments. Although ...these carbonates typically are less depleted in 13C than in the source methane, because of incorporation of C also from other sources, they are far more depleted in 13C (δ13C as light as -69‰ V-PDB) than in carbonates formed where no methane is involved. Here we show that oxidation of biogenic methane in carbon-poor deep groundwater in fractured granitoid rocks has resulted in fracture-wall precipitation of the most extremely 13C-depleted carbonates ever reported, δ13C down to -125‰ V-PDB. A microbial consortium of sulphate reducers and methane oxidizers has been involved, as revealed by biomarker signatures in the carbonates and S-isotope compositions of co-genetic sulphide. Methane formed at shallow depths has been oxidized at several hundred metres depth at the transition to a deep-seated sulphate-rich saline water. This process is so far an unrecognized terrestrial sink of methane.
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