The DMAPS upgrade of the Belle II vertex detector Babeluk, M.; Barbero, M.; Baudot, J. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
07/2024, Volume:
1064
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The Belle II experiment at KEK in Japan considers an upgrade for the vertex detector system in line with the accelerator upgrade for higher luminosity at long shutdown 2 planned for 2028.
One ...proposal for the upgrade of the vertex detector called VTX aims to improve background robustness and reduce occupancy using small and fast pixels. VTX accommodates the OBELIX depleted monolithic active CMOS pixel sensor (DMAPS) on all five proposed layers. OBELIX is specifically developed for the VTX application and based on the TJ-Monopix2 chip initially developed to meet the requirements of the outer layers of the ATLAS inner tracker (ITk).
This paper will review recent tests of the TJ-Monopix2 chip as well as various design aspects of the OBELIX-1 chip currently under development.
Full text
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract The SuperKEKB collider will undergo a major upgrade to reach the target luminosity of 6 × 10 35 cm -2 s -1 during the long shutdown (LS2) foreseen to start around year 2027. We are ...developing a new vertex detector (VTX) to replace the current one (VXD). This new pixel silicon tracker aims to be both more robust against the higher level of machine background and more performant in terms of precision on the decay vertices and standalone track finding efficiency. The baseline layout consists of two layers composing the inner part (iVTX) and three outer layers (oVTX), all arranged in a barrel-shaped geometry, with minimal material budget. All layers will be equipped with dedicated depleted monolithic active CMOS pixel sensors (DMAPS) named OBELIX, designed in the TowerJazz 180 nm technology. This paper will review all the aspects of the project: the detector specifications and the baseline design, the expected improved performance, the OBELIX features and its design status, including the tests of the forerunner chip TJ-Monopix2, and the fabrication and tests for the iVTX and oVTX ladder prototypes.
Abstract
The Belle II experiment at KEK in Japan considers upgrading its vertex detector system to
address the challenges posed by high background levels caused by the increased luminosity of the
...SuperKEKB collider. One proposal for upgrading the vertex detector aims to install a 5-layer all
monolithic pixel vertex detector based on fully depleted CMOS sensors in 2027. The new system will
use the OBELIX MAPS chips to improve background robustness and reduce occupancy levels through
small and fast pixels. This causes better track finding, especially for low transverse momenta
tracks. This text will focus on the predecessor of the OBELIX sensor, the TJ-Monopix2, presenting
laboratory and test beam results on pixel response, efficiency, and spatial resolution.
Abstract The Belle II collaboration has initiated a program to upgrade its detector in order to address the challenges set by the increase of the SuperKEKB collider luminosity, targeting 6×10 35 cm 2 ...s -1 . A monolithic CMOS pixel sensor named OBELIX (Optimized BELle II pIXel) is proposed to equip 5 detection layers upgrading the current vertex detector. Based on the existing TJ-Monopix2, OBELIX is currently designed in 180 nm CMOS process.
CMOS MAPS upgrade for the Belle II Vertex Detector Babeluk, M.; Barbero, M.; Baudot, J. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
03/2023, Volume:
1048
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
The success of the Belle II experiment in Japan relies on the very high instantaneous luminosity, close to 6×1035 cm−2 s−1, expected from the SuperKEKB collider. The corresponding beam conditions at ...such luminosity levels generate large rates of background particles and creates stringent constraints on the vertex detector, adding to the physics requirements. Current prospects for the occupancy rates in the present vertex detector (VXD) at full luminosity fall close to the acceptable limits and bear large uncertainties. In this context, the Belle II collaboration is considering the possibility to install an upgraded VXD system around 2027 to provide a sufficient safety margin with respect to the expected background rate and possibly enhance tracking and vertexing performance.
The VTX collaboration has started the design of a fully pixelated VXD, called VTX, based on fast and highly granular Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (DMAPS) integrated on light support structures.
The two main technical features of the VTX proposal are the usage of a single sensor type over all the layers of the system and the overall material budget below 2% of radiation length, compared to the current VXD which has two different sensor technologies and about 3% of radiation length. A dedicated sensor (OBELIX), taylored to the specific needs of Belle II, is under development, evolving from the existing TJ-Monopix2 sensor. The time-stamping precision below 100 ns will allow all VTX layers to take part in the track finding strategy contrary to the current situation. The first two detection layers are designed according to a self-supported all-silicon ladder concept, where 4 contiguous sensors are diced out of a wafer, thinned and interconnected with post-processed redistribution layers. The outermost detection layers follow a more conventional approach with a cold plate and carbon fibre support structure, and light flex cables interconnecting the sensors.
This document will review the context, technical details and development status of the proposed Belle II VTX.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
6.
The OBELIX chip for the Belle II VTX upgrade Babeluk, M.; Auguste, D.; Barbero, M. ...
Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research. Section A, Accelerators, spectrometers, detectors and associated equipment,
10/2024, Volume:
1067
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
The OBELIX depleted monolithic active CMOS pixel sensor (DMAPS) is currently developed for the upgrade of the vertex detector of the Belle II experiment located at Tsukuba/Japan. The pixel matrix of ...OBELIX is inherited from the TJ-Monopix2 chip, but the periphery includes additional features to improve performance and allow the integration into a larger detector system. The new features include a trigger unit to process trigger signals, a precision timing module and a possibility to transmit low granularity hit information with low latency to contribute to the Belle II trigger. Additionally, low dropout voltage regulators and an ADC to monitor power consumption and substrate temperature is developed. This paper will focus on the trigger contribution capabilities of the OBELIX chip.
Full text
Available for:
GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The Belle II experiment at KEK in Japan considers upgrading its vertex detector system to address the challenges posed by high background levels caused by the increased luminosity of the SuperKEKB ...collider. One proposal for upgrading the vertex detector aims to install a 5-layer all monolithic pixel vertex detector based on fully depleted CMOS sensors in 2027. The new system will use the OBELIX MAPS chips to improve background robustness and reduce occupancy levels through small and fast pixels. This causes better track finding, especially for low transverse momenta tracks. This text will focus on the predecessor of the OBELIX sensor, the TJ-Monopix2, presenting laboratory and test beam results on pixel response, efficiency, and spatial resolution.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the treatment protocols of orthopedic and trauma departments, but its specific effect on the mortality of hip fracture patients due to possible ...delays in surgery remains uncertain. This study aimed to investigate whether the COVID-19 pandemic worsened the mortality of patients with hip fractures.
This study included 246 prospectively enrolled patients who suffered from hip fractures during the Austrian State of Emergency period between 1 March and 30 June 2020 and 2021 and were admitted to a tertiary care trauma center. This cohort was compared with a retrospective control group of 494 patients admitted for hip fractures during the same timeframe in 2017, 2018, and 2019. These groups were compared to a prospective recruited "post-COVID-19 collective consisting of the years 2022 and 2023 including 313 patients.
This study found a 22% reduction in admissions during the COVID-19 period compared to the pre-COVID period (
= 0.018), as well as significant changes in gender (
= 0.013) and place of accident (
= 0.049). No other changes in demographic variables were observed. The 30-day mortality rate was 14.67% in the pre-COVID period, compared to 15.18% during the COVID-19 period (
= 0.381). No differences were observed in surgical complication rates or in the relationship between comorbidity burden and survival.
This study did not show a higher perioperative mortality rate due to COVID-19. However, under current circumstances, with potentially reduced surgical and hospital bed capacities, it is expected that this condition might require a high degree of resources in times when resources are potentially scarce, such as during an ongoing pandemic.
Level III.
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