The recent outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has resulted in a world‐wide pandemic. Disseminated lung injury ...with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the main cause of mortality in COVID‐19. Although liver failure does not seem to occur in the absence of pre‐existing liver disease, hepatic involvement in COVID‐19 may correlate with overall disease severity and serve as a prognostic factor for the development of ARDS. The spectrum of liver injury in COVID‐19 may range from direct infection by SARS‐CoV‐2, indirect involvement by systemic inflammation, hypoxic changes, iatrogenic causes such as drugs and ventilation to exacerbation of underlying liver disease. This concise review discusses the potential pathophysiological mechanisms for SARS‐CoV‐2 hepatic tropism as well as acute and possibly long‐term liver injury in COVID‐19.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In the search for foldamer inhibitors of the histone chaperone ASF1, we explored the possibility of substituting four α-residues ( one helix turn) by 3-urea segments and scanned the sequence of a ...short α-helical peptide known to bind ASF1. By analysing the impact of the different foldamer replacements within the peptide chain, we uncovered new binding modes of the peptide-urea chimeras to ASF1.
We used foldamer inserts to scan the sequence of a peptide ligand of the histone chaperone ASF1, and interrogate its interaction with the protein surface. Our results revealed the structural plasticity of the chimeras and new binding modes to ASF1.
Inhibiting the histone H3–ASF1 (anti‐silencing function 1) protein–protein interaction (PPI) represents a potential approach for treating numerous cancers. As an α‐helix‐mediated PPI, constraining ...the key histone H3 helix (residues 118–135) is a strategy through which chemical probes might be elaborated to test this hypothesis. In this work, variant H3118–135 peptides bearing pentenylglycine residues at the i and i+4 positions were constrained by olefin metathesis. Biophysical analyses revealed that promotion of a bioactive helical conformation depends on the position at which the constraint is introduced, but that the potency of binding towards ASF1 is unaffected by the constraint and instead that enthalpy–entropy compensation occurs.
Histones diss organisation: Inhibiting the histone H3–anti‐silencing function 1 (ASF1) interaction could potentially be used to treat numerous cancers. Biophysical analyses revealed that the binding affinity of hydrocarbon‐constrained histone H3 towards ASF1 protein is unaffected by pre‐organisation; instead enthalpy–entropy compensation occurs.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Targeting protein–protein interactions has long been considered as a very difficult if impossible task, but over the past decade, front lines have moved. The number of successful examples is ...exponentially growing. This review presents a rapid overview of recent advances in this field considering the strengths and weaknesses of the small molecule approaches and alternative strategies such as the selection or design of artificial antibodies, peptides or peptidomimetics.
Cibler les interactions protéine–protéine a longtemps été considéré comme une tâche très difficile, voire impossible, mais, depuis les dix dernières années, les lignes ont bougé. Le nombre d’exemples de réussites s’accroît exponentiellement. Cette revue présente un rapide panorama des avancées récentes dans ce domaine, considérant les forces et les faiblesses de l’approche « petite molécule » ainsi que des stratégies alternatives comme la sélection ou le design d’anticorps artificiels, de peptides ou de peptidomimétiques.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Sequence-specific oligomers with predictable folding patterns, i.e., foldamers, provide new opportunities to mimic α-helical peptides and design inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. One major ...hurdle of this strategy is to retain the correct orientation of key side chains involved in protein surface recognition. Here, we show that the structural plasticity of a foldamer backbone may notably contribute to the required spatial adjustment for optimal interaction with the protein surface. By using oligoureas as α helix mimics, we designed a foldamer/peptide hybrid inhibitor of histone chaperone ASF1, a key regulator of chromatin dynamics. The crystal structure of its complex with ASF1 reveals a notable plasticity of the urea backbone, which adapts to the ASF1 surface to maintain the same binding interface. One additional benefit of generating ASF1 ligands with nonpeptide oligourea segments is the resistance to proteolysis in human plasma, which was highly improved compared to the cognate α-helical peptide.
MCM2 is a subunit of the replicative helicase machinery shown to interact with histones H3 and H4 during the replication process through its N-terminal domain. During replication, this interaction ...has been proposed to assist disassembly and assembly of nucleosomes on DNA. However, how this interaction participates in crosstalk with histone chaperones at the replication fork remains to be elucidated. Here, we solved the crystal structure of the ternary complex between the histone-binding domain of Mcm2 and the histones H3-H4 at 2.9 Å resolution. Histones H3 and H4 assemble as a tetramer in the crystal structure, but MCM2 interacts only with a single molecule of H3-H4. The latter interaction exploits binding surfaces that contact either DNA or H2B when H3-H4 dimers are incorporated in the nucleosome core particle. Upon binding of the ternary complex with the histone chaperone ASF1, the histone tetramer dissociates and both MCM2 and ASF1 interact simultaneously with the histones forming a 1:1:1:1 heteromeric complex. Thermodynamic analysis of the quaternary complex together with structural modeling support that ASF1 and MCM2 could form a chaperoning module for histones H3 and H4 protecting them from promiscuous interactions. This suggests an additional function for MCM2 outside its helicase function as a proper histone chaperone connected to the replication pathway.
The cover feature picture shows how inhibition of the histone H3‐ASF1 (anti‐silencing function 1) protein–protein interaction (PPI) represents a potential approach for the treatment of numerous ...cancers. To pursue this goal, a hydrocarbon constraint was used to pre‐organize the histone H3 peptide in α‐helical conformation; despite conferring protection against proteolysis, this constrained peptide unexpectedly exhibited enthalpy–entropy compensation in comparison to the natural sequence, in its binding of ASF1. More information can be found in the communication by F. Ochsenbein, A. J. Wilson et al. on page 891 in Issue 7, 2019 (DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800633).
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Anti-silencing function 1 (ASF1) is a conserved H3-H4 histone chaperone involved in histone dynamics during replication, transcription, and DNA repair. Overexpressed in proliferating tissues ...including many tumors, ASF1 has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. Here, we combine structural, computational, and biochemical approaches to design peptides that inhibit the ASF1-histone interaction. Starting from the structure of the human ASF1-histone complex, we developed a rational design strategy combining epitope tethering and optimization of interface contacts to identify a potent peptide inhibitor with a dissociation constant of 3 nM. When introduced into cultured cells, the inhibitors impair cell proliferation, perturb cell-cycle progression, and reduce cell migration and invasion in a manner commensurate with their affinity for ASF1. Finally, we find that direct injection of the most potent ASF1 peptide inhibitor in mouse allografts reduces tumor growth. Our results open new avenues to use ASF1 inhibitors as promising leads for cancer therapy.
La fonction anti-silencing 1 (ASF1) est un chaperon d'histone H3-H4 conservé, impliqué dans la dynamique des histones pendant la réplication, la transcription et la réparation de l'ADN. Surexprimée dans les tissus en prolifération, y compris dans de nombreuses tumeurs, l'ASF1 est devenue une cible thérapeutique prometteuse. Ici, nous combinons des approches structurelles, informatiques et biochimiques pour concevoir des peptides qui inhibent l'interaction ASF1-histone. En partant de la structure du complexe ASF1-histone humain, nous avons mis au point une stratégie de conception rationnelle combinant la fixation des épitopes et l'optimisation des contacts d'interface pour identifier un puissant inhibiteur peptidique avec une constante de dissociation de 3 nM. Lorsqu'ils sont introduits dans des cellules en culture, les inhibiteurs entravent la prolifération cellulaire, perturbent la progression du cycle cellulaire et réduisent la migration et l'invasion des cellules d'une manière proportionnelle à leur affinité pour l'ASF1. Enfin, nous constatons que l'injection directe du plus puissant inhibiteur du peptide ASF1 dans les allogreffes de souris réduit la croissance des tumeurs. Nos résultats ouvrent de nouvelles voies pour utiliser les inhibiteurs de l'ASF1 comme des pistes prometteuses pour le traitement du cancer.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
ASF1 est un chaperon d’histones H3-H4 impliqué dans de nombreux cancers. Comme bon nombre de protéines, ce chaperon exerce ses fonctions dans la cellule à travers des interactions protéine-protéine ...qu’il établit avec d’autres partenaires protéiques. La présente thèse porte sur le développement d’une stratégie originale de design de peptides inhibiteurs de ce type d’interactions souvent associées à des maladies. Cette stratégie rationnelle et itérative repose sur le couplage d’épitopes de liaison provenant de différents partenaires de l’interaction, et leur stabilisation par l’introduction de résidus « ancre » permettant ainsi d’engager un grand nombre de contacts avec la cible. L’extension de cette approche vers des peptidomimes permet par la suite de surmonter les obstacles liés à l’utilisation des peptides en thérapeutique tels que la biodisponibilité et la demi-vie. Appliquée au ciblage d’ASF1, cette méthode a permis de concevoir un peptide, ip4, présentant une affinité de 3nM pour sa cible, soit 3000 fois supérieure au partenaire naturel H3. Ce même peptide a été mimé avec succès par un composé, if3, de nature oligourée. Efficacement internalisés à l’aide d’une Cell Penetrating Peptide clivable, ces inhibiteurs présentent un effet antiprolifératif provoquant la mort des cellules cancéreuse, vraisemblablement dû au ciblage spécifique d’ASF1.
ASF1 is a histone H3-H4 chaperone implicated in several cancers. Like many proteins, this chaperone mediates its cellular functions through protein-protein interactions involving various protein partners. The present thesis focuses on the development of an original strategy to design inhibitory peptides targeting such disease-associated type of biological interactions. This rational and iterative strategy relies on the tethering of binding epitopes isolated from different partners, and stabilized by “anchor” residues that engage large number of atomic contacts with the target. The further progression of this approach toward a peptidomimetic strategy overcomes obstacles commonly associated to the therapeutic use of peptides such as biodisponibility and half-life. Applied for targeting ASF1, such method allowed the conception of a peptide, ip4, presenting a 3nM affinity for its target, which is 3000 fold higher than that of the natural partner H3. This peptide could be successfully mimicked by an oligourea structure, giving rise to the peptidomimetic if3. When coupled to a cleavable Cell Penetrating Peptide, these inhibitors displayed an on-target effect where they impeded cancerous cells proliferation, ultimately resulting in cells death.
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