Compared to other animal species, production has dramatically increased in the poultry sector. However, in intensive production systems, poultry are subjected to stress conditions that may compromise ...their well-being. Much like other living organisms, poultry respond to various stressors by synthesising a group of evolutionarily conserved polypeptides named heat shock proteins (HSPs) to maintain homeostasis. These proteins, as chaperones, play a pivotal role in protecting animals against stress by re-establishing normal protein conformation and, thus, cellular homeostasis. In the last few decades, many advances have been made in ascertaining the HSP response to thermal and non-thermal stressors in poultry. The present review focuses on what is currently known about the HSP response to thermal and non-thermal stressors in poultry and discusses the factors that modulate its induction and regulatory mechanisms. The development of practical strategies to alleviate the detrimental effects of environmental stresses on poultry will benefit from detailed studies that describe the mechanisms of stress resilience and enhance our understanding of the nature of heat shock signalling proteins and gene expression.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
GaN-based high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) were fabricated on 200-mm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates possessing multiple crystal orientations. These SOI substrates have the Si ...(100)-SiO 2 -Si (111) structure, which allows Si (111) to be exposed below the buried oxide to enable GaN epitaxial growth adjacent to Si (100). The current collapse in GaN HEMTs of <; 150 × 150 μm 2 patterns is 2%-6%, which is remarkably lower than the devices on blanket materials. We believe that stress relaxation resulting from substrate patterning contributes to the reduction of current collapse. By creating small GaN patterns on a larger diameter Si wafer, co-integration of GaN with Si technology may be possible.
The long-term use of conventional liquid energy sources for internal combustion
(IC) engines has its own negative ramifications on the health of living beings
and the ecosystem at large. The search ...for solutions to overcome these
implications brings us to one of the domains of research called alternative
fuels. Alternative fuels may be used to enrich or fully substitute conventional
fuels. In this review, a literature study on the enrichment of a primary fuel
using hydroxy gas (HOH) produced from the electrolysis of water is discussed.
The experimental evidence shows that HOH induction between 5 and 10 liters per
minute (lpm) enhances the results of performance parameters coupled with a
decrease in emission levels except for the oxides of nitrogen (NOx). However,
this shortfall is nullified using techniques such as exhaust gas recirculation
(EGR) and water injection. At high engine loads with 3.5 lpm HOH induction and
0.14–0.29 lpm water induction rate, NOX emission was observed to
decrease by 3–4 times. Other notable advantages with HOH induction include
improved combustion characteristics, lower engine vibration, noise, and
particulate matter (PM) emission. Studies on thermoelectric devices prove that
the HOH producer can be powered by recovering waste engine heat and increasing
engine brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 1.5%. The limited experimental work
using HOH induction has necessitated discussion on the optimal production and
utilization with other strategies for improved performance and reduced
carbon-based emissions and has been a driving factor for further novel research
concepts as elucidated in this article.
Limited deep studies are available in the field of early stages of pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection and tissue tropism of NDV. In this study, 24 specific pathogen free (SPF) ...chickens of white leghorn breed were infected with Newcastle disease (ND) by intranasal administration of 10⁵ 50% EID50/0.1 mL of velogenic NDV (vNDV). A second group of 15 chickens were kept as a control group. Chickens were monitored every day to record clinical signs. Infected chickens were euthanized by cervical dislocation at successive times, namely at hours (hrs) 2, 4, 6, 12, days 1, 2, 4, and 6 post-inoculation (pi). Whereas, control group chickens were euthanized on days 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 pi. Tissues of brain, trachea, lung, caecal tonsil, liver, kidney, spleen, heart, proventriculus, intestine, and thymus were collected, fixed in 10% buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned. HS staining, immunoperoxidase staining (IPS) and in situ PCR were applied. It was concluded that at hr 2 pi, virus seemed to be inclined to trachea and respiratory tract. Meanwhile, it attacked caecal tonsils, intestine and bursa of Fabricus. While primary viraemia was ongoing, virus created footing in kidney and thymus. At hr 4 pi, proventriculus, liver, and spleen were attacked. However, at hr 6 pi, brain and heart were involved. Secondary viraemia probably started as early as hr 12 pi since all collected tissues were positive. Tissue tropism was determined in trachea, caecal tonsil, liver, bursa of Fabricius, intestine, proventriculus, lung, spleen, thymus, kidney, heart, and brain.
•Primary viraemia started at hour 2 post-inoculation (pi).•Secondary viraemia probably started as early as hr 12 pi.•In situ PCR was significantly sensitive (p < 0.05) than immunoperoxidase staining.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Background
Viruses are obligate parasites that depend on the cellular machinery of the host to regenerate and manufacture their proteins. Most antiviral drugs on the market today target viral ...proteins. However, the more recent strategies involve targeting the host cell proteins or pathways that mediate viral replication. This new approach would be effective for most viruses while minimizing drug resistance and toxicity.
Methods
Cytomegalovirus replication, latency, and immune response are mediated by the intermediate early protein 2, the main protein that determines the effectiveness of drugs in cytomegalovirus inhibition. This review explains how intermediate early protein 2 can modify the action of cyclosporin A, an immunosuppressive, and antiviral drug. It also links all the pathways mediated by cyclosporin A, cytomegalovirus replication, and its encoded proteins.
Results
Intermediate early protein 2 can influence the cellular cyclophilin A pathway, affecting cyclosporin A as a mediator of viral replication or anti-cytomegalovirus drug.
Conclusion
Cyclosporin A has a dual function in cytomegalovirus pathogenesis. It has the immunosuppressive effect that establishes virus replication through the inhibition of T-cell function. It also has an anti-cytomegalovirus effect mediated by intermediate early protein 2. Both of these functions involve cyclophilin A pathway.
Light-emitting diodes with emission wavelengths less than 400 nm have been developed using the AlInGaN material system. For devices operating at shorter wavelengths, alloy compositions with a greater ...aluminium content are required. The material properties of these materials lie on the border between conventional semiconductors and insulators, which adds a degree of complexity to the development of efficient light-emitting devices. A number of technical developments have enabled the fabrication of LEDs based on group three nitrides (III-nitrides) that emit in the UV part of the spectrum, providing useful tools for a wealth of applications in optoelectronic systems.
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Issues such as rising fuel prices, fuel costs, and lowering reserves highlight the importance of research into sustainable fuels derived from biological sources. This study is focused on experiments ...on a CI engine using ethanol and propanol-based ternary blends. Palm biodiesel is kept constant at 40% volumetric concentration, while diesel and ethanol/propanol are varied in different batches. The results obtained with ternary blends were compared with reference fuel diesel, pure palm biodiesel, and a palm biodiesel–diesel binary blend. The ternary blends exhibit lower brake thermal efficiency and higher brake specific energy consumption than diesel and binary blends due to their lower calorific value. Despite in-fuel oxygen presence, lower brake specific oxides of nitrogen and smoke opacity were observed for engine operation with a ternary blend due to the predominant role of higher latent heat of vaporization and volatility of alcohols, but unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions increased due to the interactive effect of a lower cetane number, higher latent heat of vaporization, and lower kinematic viscosity of alcohols when compared to reference fuels. Among the tested fuels, in-cylinder pressure was observed to decrease with ternary blends due to their lower calorific value, but a raised heat release rate was attributed to lower viscosity and faster burning of alcohols.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The phenomenon of increasing heat stress (HS) among animals is of particular significance when it is seen in economically significant industries, such as poultry. Due to the identification of the ...physiological, molecular, and genetic roots of HS responses in chickens, a substantial number of studies have focused on reducing the effects of HS in poultry through environmental management, dietary manipulation, and genetic alterations. Temperature manipulation (TM) during embryogenesis has been claimed to increase the thermal tolerance and well-being of chickens without affecting their capacity for future growth. There has been little investigation into the vulnerability of the epigenome involving TM during embryogenesis, although the cellular pathways activated by HS have been explored in chickens. Epigenetic changes caused by prenatal TM enhance postnatal temperature adaption and produce physiological memory. This work offers a thorough analysis that explains the cumulative impact of HS response genes, such as genes related to heat shock proteins, antioxidants, and immunological genes, which may aid in the enhanced adaptability of chickens that have undergone thermal manipulation during their embryonic stages.
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