The article was published with an important mistake in Section 5. The section deals with the effect of disorder on triple-Weyl semimetal (TWSM) through a simple renormalization group (RG) ...calculation. I recently realised that my equations and the consequent conclusion hold only for the case of ‘scalar’ disorder and not for vector disorder as considered in the original manuscript. Below, I present a corrected presentation of this section.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
WRKY proteins are emerging players in plant signaling and have been thoroughly reported to play important roles in plants under biotic stress like pathogen attack. However, recent advances in this ...field do reveal the enormous significance of these proteins in eliciting responses induced by abiotic stresses. WRKY proteins act as major transcription factors, either as positive or negative regulators. Specific WRKY factors which help in the expression of a cluster of stress-responsive genes are being targeted and genetically modified to induce improved abiotic stress tolerance in plants. The knowledge regarding the signaling cascade leading to the activation of the WRKY proteins, their interaction with other proteins of the signaling pathway, and the downstream genes activated by them are altogether vital for justified targeting of the WRKY genes. WRKY proteins have also been considered to generate tolerance against multiple abiotic stresses with possible roles in mediating a cross talk between abiotic and biotic stress responses. In this review, we have reckoned the diverse signaling pattern and biological functions of WRKY proteins throughout the plant kingdom along with the growing prospects in this field of research.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
In this article we study the effects of disorder and long-range Coulomb interactions on triple-Weyl semimetals using renormalization group up to one-loop order. We find that the non-interacting fixed ...point is unstable to Coulomb interactions which drive the system to a new fixed point where anisotropic screening of the interaction occurs. We show how physical quantities such as specific heat and conductivities receive logarithmic corrections at the new fixed point. We also study the effect of disorder on triple-Weyl semimetals using renormalization group and show that the non-interacting system is unstable also to disorder and the system likely flows to a diffusive metal phase.
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DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Ingestion of fluoride through consumption of contaminated food grains has been regarded to be hazardous for consumer health. The current study indicated the possible occurrence of such biohazard due ...to fluoride bioaccumulation in rice grains and straw (cattle feed). The effects of fluoride toxicity at three stages of grain development in three rice genotypes, viz., IR-64, Gobindobhog (aromatic), and Khitish, were also studied. Irrigation with fluoride-infested water inhibited grain formation in IR-64 and reduced grain yield in Gobindobhog. Fluoride toxicity promoted seed sterility in IR-64 by triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cellular necrosis, suppressing genes like
GIF1
,
DEP1
, and
SPL14
(positively controlling seed formation) and inducing
GW2
(negatively mediating grain development). Gobindobhog showed intermediate fluoride sensitivity and accumulated high levels of proline, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolics due to the induction of genes like
P5CS
,
ANS
, and
PAL
in developing grains. The agronomic attributes in Khitish were unaffected by fluoride stress due to regulated fluoride uptake and high expression of
GIF1
,
DEP1
, and
SPL14
along with an increased synthesis of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolics. Khitish also accumulated low ROS as a result of which lowest
lipoxygenase
expression (among selected cultivars) was observed in developing grains. Fluoride entry was accelerated in the straw of Khitish, possibly due to the absence of regulated uptake mechanism in dead seedlings. Furthermore, the ecological concerns regarding fluoride bioaccumulation and reduced grain yield at the varietal level were also established, based on statistical modelling.
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CEKLJ, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The aim of this manuscript was to investigate the role of calcium compounds, viz., Ca(OH)
2
, Ca(NO
3
)
2
, and CaCl
2
(each used at 0.3 mM and 0.5 mM concentration) as seed priming agents to ...ameliorate fluoride toxicity in rice. The stressed seedlings exhibited high fluoride bioaccumulation, severe growth retardation, and cellular damages. Calcium compounds improved plant performance by increasing seed germination, seedling biomass, and root and shoot length, avoiding chlorophyll degeneration and leakage of electrolytes, along with lowering the levels of malondialdehdye, H
2
O
2
, and endogenous fluoride. Calcium-regulated defence was mediated by proline synthesised due to increased
Δ
1
-pyrroline 5-carboxylate synthetase
(
P5CS
) and lowered
proline dehydrogenase
(
PDH
) expression, and glycine betaine synthesised due to
betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 1
(
BADH1
) expression. While the stress-mediated lowering of carotenoids and total phenolics was relieved by calcium priming, stress-enhanced flavonoids and ascorbic acid content was restored to the normal condition, along with releasing the fluoride-induced inhibition of ascorbic acid oxidase (AAO) activity. The activities of antioxidant enzymes like catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, and the expression of
catalase
and
superoxide dismutase
genes were also affected by calcium priming. The elevated endogenous calcium level, brought about by priming, enhanced the expression of genes related to calcium signalling pathway, particularly the
calcineurin-B-like 10
(
CBL10
) gene. Ca(OH)
2
(0.3 mM) appeared to be the most efficient of all the three priming agents. Overall, the present work highlighted the efficacy of calcium compounds as priming agents in abrogating fluoride toxicity in rice.
The present manuscript elucidated the ameliorative potential of nano-maghemite (FeNPs) against the hazardous effects of fluoride toxicity in the sensitive rice cultivar, IR-64. Fluoride pollution ...triggered bioaccumulation in root, shoot and spikelets which inhibited reproduction, agronomic development and mineral uptake. Suppressed activity of enzymatic antioxidants and excessive cobalt translocation manifested severe ROS-induced oxidative injuries. Seedling priming with FeNPs reduced fluoride bioaccumulation and promoted efficient uptake of macroelements and micronutrients like potassium, calcium, iron, zinc, copper, nickel, manganese, selenium and vanadium and reduced the translocation of cobalt in mature seedlings during stress. This altogether triggered growth and activated the enzymes like SOD, CAT, APX and GPOX. High accumulation of non-enzymatic antioxidants like proline, anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolics along with stimulated GSH synthesis (determined from high GR, GST and GPX activity) and glyoxalase activity enabled FeNP-pulsed plants to efficiently scavenge ROS, O2-, H2O2 and methylglyoxal, and mitigate oxidative injuries. The ROS production was also lowered due to suppressed NADPH oxidase activity. This ensured subsequent revitalization of Hill activity and the level of photosynthetic pigments. Due to reduced fluoride partitioning and improved nutritional sink, the grain and panicle development in FeNP-primed, stressed seedlings were more stimulated than even control sets. Overall, our findings supported by statistical modelling established the potential of iron-nanotechnology in promoting safe rice cultivation even in fluoride-polluted environments.
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•Nano-maghemite-pulsing reduced fluoride bioaccumulation and cobalt uptake.•ROS, H2O2 and O2- radical accumulation and oxidative injuries were reduced.•Antioxidant and glyoxalase machineries were activated.•Fluoride-induced enzyme inhibition was reversed upon nano-maghemite-pulsing.•Uptake of macro- and micronutrients was stimulated.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Excessive utilization of groundwater for anthropogenic purposes has led to severe depletion of the water table, resulting in contamination of fluorides from the mineral bed. Irrigation of rice ...seedlings with such fluoride-infested water leads to high fluoride bioaccumulation and compromised growth physiology. In the present study, we showed that the priming of seeds with gibberellic acid 3 (GA) alleviated prolonged fluoride-induced toxicity in the fluoride-susceptible indica rice cultivar, IR-64 (grown in soil) by reducing the accumulation of the xenobiotic within the seedling biomass. The primed seeds showed improved percentage of germination during fluoride stress compared to the non-primed seeds. The stressed seedlings grown from the GA-primed seeds exhibited increased endogenous accumulation of GA and the auxin, indole-3-acetic acid which stimulated shoot and root growth and relative water content, compared to the stressed seedlings germinated from the non-primed seeds. GA-priming reduced the chlorophyll degradation, affected the homeostasis of the accessory pigments and lowered the electrolyte leakage during stress. Upon GA-priming, the fluoride-induced oxidative stress was ameliorated by an increase in proline, anthocyanin, flavonoid and total phenolic contents, reducing power, total antioxidant capacity and DPPH-radical scavenging activity. The altered activity of the antioxidative enzymes like catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase also enabled efficient H
2
O
2
scavenging in the stressed plants germinated from the primed seeds. Thus, seed pre-treatment with GA promoted fluoride tolerance by activating the antioxidant machinery and elevating the endogenous level of the two most important classes of plant growth regulators, gibberellic acid and auxin.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
Key message
Melatonin enhanced arsenic (As) tolerance by inhibiting As bioaccumulation, modulating the expression of As transporters and phytohormone homeostasis, leading to efficient utilization of ...thiol machinery for sequestration and detoxification of this toxic metalloid.
The present study was aimed at investigating the influence of exogenous melatonin on the regulation of endogenous plant growth regulators and their cumulative effects on metal(loid)-binding ligands in two contrasting indica rice cultivars, viz., Khitish (arsenic sensitive) and Muktashri (arsenic tolerant) under arsenic stress. Melatonin supplementation ameliorated arsenic-induced perturbations by triggering endogenous levels of gibberellic acid and melatonin, via up-regulating the expression of key biosynthetic genes like
GA3ox
,
TDC
,
SNAT
and
ASMT
. The endogenous abscisic acid content was also enhanced upon melatonin treatment by induced expression of the key anabolic gene,
NCED3
and concomitant suppression of
ABA8ox1
. Enhanced melatonin content induced accumulation of higher polyamines (spermidine and spermine), together with up-regulation of
SPDS
and
SPMS
in Khitish, thereby modulating stress condition. On the contrary, melatonin escalated putrescine and spermidine levels in Muktashri, via enhanced expression of
ADC
and
SAMDC
. The role of melatonin appeared to be more prominent in Khitish, as evident from better utilization of thiol components like cysteine, GSH, non-protein thiols and phytochelatins, with higher GSH/GSSG ratio, despite down-regulated expression of corresponding thiol-metabolic genes (
OsMT2
and
OsPCS1
) to deal with arsenic toxicity. The extent of arsenic bioaccumulation, which was magnified several folds, particularly in Khitish, was decreased upon melatonin application. Overall, our observation highlighted the fact that melatonin enhanced arsenic tolerance by inhibiting arsenic bioaccumulation, via modulating the expression levels of selected arsenic transporters (
OsNramp1
,
OsPT2
,
OsPT8
,
OsLsi1
) and controlling endogenous phytohormone homeostasis, leading to efficient utilization of thiol machinery for sequestration and detoxification of this toxic metalloid.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The manuscript aimed to explore the differential responses of
Vigna radiata
and
Vigna mungo
to fluoride (25 mg L
−1
NaF) stress and validate the protective roles of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) ...(50 µM).
V. radiata
showed 53.5% higher bioaccumulation of fluoride compared to
V. mungo
. The overall growth in
V. radiata
was more affected (32.0%) compared with
V. mungo
(6.3%), which on the contrary displayed regulated fluoride entry and fluoride-adaptive phenotype. Fluoride bioaccumulation in
V. radiata
significantly triggered H
2
O
2
and methylglyoxal accumulation, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll degradation and lipid peroxidation, which accounted for its fluoride sensitivity. Exogenous SNP alleviated fluoride toxicity in both the species by synthesizing osmolytes (proline, glycine-betaine and total amino acids), non-enzymatic antioxidants (anthocyanins, flavonoids, total phenolics, carotenoids, ascorbate and glutathione) and activating antioxidative enzymes (APX, SOD, GPX, GST, GPOX and GR). Fluoride toxicity inhibited the CAT activity to a higher degree in
V. radiata
(51.0%) than
V. mungo
(31.3%). However, SNP supplementation rescued the CAT activity, lowered the fluoride uptake and membrane damage, and also alleviated oxidative stress in both the species, along with accelerated growth recovery and chlorophyll conservation. Cytotoxic methylglyoxal was efficiently detoxified in presence of SNP due to enhanced activity of the glyoxalases. Exogenous SNP also triggered endogenous NO formation along with up regulating the activity of P5CS and PAL, which stimulated proline and flavonoid biosynthesis during stress. Statistical analyses revealed that the ameliorating potential of SNP was more prominent in the susceptible species. Overall, our investigation established
V. radiata
and
V. mungo
as fluoride-sensitive and fluoride-tolerant species, respectively, and also illustrated the efficacy of SNP in abating stress-induced damages in
Vigna
by augmenting the defence machinery.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
The analysis of complex physical systems hinges on the ability to extract the relevant degrees of freedom from among the many others. Though much hope is placed in machine learning, it also brings ...challenges, chief of which is interpretability. It is often unclear what relation, if any, the architecture- and training-dependent learned "relevant" features bear to standard objects of physical theory. Here we report on theoretical results which may help to systematically address this issue: we establish equivalence between the field-theoretic relevance of the renormalization group, and an information-theoretic notion of relevance we define using the information bottleneck (IB) formalism of compression theory. We show analytically that for statistical physical systems described by a field theory the relevant degrees of freedom found using IB compression indeed correspond to operators with the lowest scaling dimensions. We confirm our field theoretic predictions numerically. We study dependence of the IB solutions on the physical symmetries of the data. Our findings provide a dictionary connecting two distinct theoretical toolboxes, and an example of constructively incorporating physical interpretability in applications of deep learning in physics.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
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