•This review clarifies the debates on the effects of glass particles on concrete properties.•The effects of glass on concrete properties depend on glass particle size and percentage.•Appropriate use ...of glass can improve the flowability and mechanical strength of concrete.•Using glass can improve the permeability and freezing-thawing resistance of concrete.•Reducing glass particle size is effective in suppressing ASR expansion.
While a large amount of waste glass is annually produced worldwide, a limited percentage of waste glass is recycled. Recycling glass in concrete has shown great promise in solid waste management because there is a high volume of concrete in civil infrastructure. However, a consensus on the effects of waste glass in concrete has not been achieved. Some researchers reported that the use of waste glass improved the properties of concrete, but some researchers reported opposite results. The inconsistent results of the effect of waste glass hinder the acceptance of glass in producing concrete. This review aims to clarify the debates and attempts to elucidate the opposite viewpoints. To this end, this paper reviews different results reported by different research groups and proposes new perspectives based on analyzing underlying mechanisms, considering different types of waste glass, including soda-lime, electric, lead, and borosilicate glass. The reviewed contents include the fresh properties, compressive strength, durability, thermal properties, electrical properties, and microstructure of concrete. This review is expected to advance the knowledge of recycling glass in producing concrete, point out future research needs, and facilitate wider adoption of waste glass concrete in developing sustainable and durable infrastructure.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
Defects can induce drastic changes of the electronic properties of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and influence their applications. It is still a great challenge to ...characterize small defects and correlate their structures with properties. Here, we show that tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) can obtain distinctly different Raman features of edge defects in atomically thin MoS
2
, which allows us to probe their unique electronic properties and identify defect types (e.g., armchair and zigzag edges) in ambient. We observed an edge-induced Raman peak (396 cm
−1
) activated by the double resonance Raman scattering (DRRS) process and revealed electron–phonon interaction in edges. We further visualize the edge-induced band bending region by using this DRRS peak and electronic transition region using the electron density-sensitive Raman peak at 406 cm
−1
. The power of TERS demonstrated in MoS
2
can also be extended to other 2D materials, which may guide the defect engineering for desired properties.
Intestinal dysfunction of farm animals, such as intestinal inflammation and altered gut microbiota, is the critical problem affecting animal welfare, performance and farm profitability. China has ...prohibited the use of antibiotics to improve feed efficiency and growth performance for farm animals, including poultry, in 2020. With the advantages of maintaining gut homeostasis, enhancing digestion, and absorption and modulating gut microbiota, organic acids are regarded as promising antibiotic alternatives. Butyric and citric acids as presentative organic acids positively impact growth performance, welfare, and intestinal health of livestock mainly by reducing pathogenic bacteria and maintaining the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) pH. This review summarizes the discovery of butyric acid (BA), citric acid (CA) and their salt forms, molecular structure and properties, metabolism, biological functions and their applications in poultry nutrition. The research findings about BA, CA and their salts on rats, pigs and humans are also briefly reviewed. Therefore, this review will fill the knowledge gaps of the scientific community and may be of great interest for poultry nutritionists, researchers and feed manufacturers about these two weak organic acids and their effects on intestinal health and gut microbiota community, with the hope of providing safe, healthy and nutrient-rich poultry products to consumers.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
As one of the most important smart materials, fluorescent hydrogel actuators can produce both color and shape changes under external stimuli. In the present work, an effective approach to develop a ...novel fluorescent hydrogel actuator with pH and thermo dual responsiveness is proposed. Through incorporating pH‐responsive perylene tetracarboxylic acid (PTCA), which is a typical fluorescent moiety with aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) effect, into an anisotropic poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)–polyacrylamide (PNIPAm‐PAAm) structure, the obtained hydrogel exhibits stable thermoresponsive shape deformation and switchable fluorescence performance upon a pH trigger. Therefore, fluorescence‐quenching‐based and actuation‐based information can be revealed when exposed to UV light and immersed into warm water, respectively. Moreover, the thermoresponsive actuating behavior can be applied to further hide the fluorescence‐quenching‐based images. The present work may provide new insights into the design and preparation of novel stimuli‐responsive hydrogel actuators.
A novel fluorescent hydrogel with Janus structure is fabricated. The hydrogel exhibits pH‐responsive fluorescence and thermally induced actuating behaviors, which may provide new insights into the design and fabrication of novel intelligent materials.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
► Find a new way to improve the antioxidant of whey protein isolate. ► Whey protein isolate (WPI) and seven types of sugars formed MRPs. ► The MRPs exhibited antioxidant activities. ► The MRPs may be ...used as natural antioxidants in food products. ► Study on the changes of the space and molecular of WPI after Maillard reaction.
The objective of this study was to determine antioxidant activities of water-soluble MRPs (Maillard reaction products) from the reactions between whey protein isolate (WPI) and xylose (X), glucose (G), fructose (F), lactose (L), maltose (M) and sucrose (S) at different initial pH values (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9). MRPs derived from the WPI-X system with increasing of pH rendered the highest browning, reducing power and DPPH radical-scavenging activity. SDS–PAGE analyses indicated formation of cross-linked proteins of large molecular mass produced from WPI-X systems. Results of FT-IR analysis indicated that the amide I, II and III bands of WPI from the WPI-X and WPI-G systems were changed by the Maillard reaction. CD spectroscopy showed that β-sheet, β-turns and random coil were increased while the α-helix was decreased after the WPI-G and WPI-X system aqueous solutions were heated. In conclusion, MRPs obtained from the WPI-X system had high antioxidant activity.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver disorders in humans, partly because it is closely related to metabolic disorders of the liver with increasing ...prevalence. NAFLD begins with hepatic lipid accumulation, which may cause inflammation and eventually lead to fibrosis in the liver. Numerous studies have demonstrated the close relationship between gut dysfunction (especially the gut microbiota and its metabolites) and the occurrence and progression of NAFLD. The bidirectional communication between the gut and liver, named the gut-liver axis, is mainly mediated by the metabolites derived from both the liver and gut through the biliary tract, portal vein, and systemic circulation. Herein, we review the effects of the gut-liver axis on the pathogenesis of NAFLD. We also comprehensively describe the potential molecular mechanisms from the perspective of the role of liver-derived metabolites and gut-related components in hepatic metabolism and inflammation and gut health, respectively. The study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying current summarizations that support the intricate interactions between a disordered gut and NAFLD and can provide novel strategies to lessen the prevalence and consequence of NAFLD.
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BFBNIB, GIS, IJS, KISLJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM, UPUK
•A new SVR model to forecast the demand response baseline for office buildings.•Take temperature two hours before DR event can improve the forecasting accuracy.•The forecasting accuracy is better ...than other seven existing methods in DR programs.•The model is very generic and can be applied to a wide variety of office buildings.
Demand Response (DR) aims at improving the operation efficiency of power plants and grids, and it constitutes an effective means of reducing grid risk during peak periods to ensure the safety of power supplies. One key challenge related to DR is the calculation of load baselines. A fair and accurate baseline serves as useful information for resource planners and system operators who wish to implement DR programs. In the meantime, baseline calculation cannot be too complex, and in most cases, only weather data input is permitted. Inspired by the strong non-linear capabilities of Support Vector Regression (SVR), this paper proposes a new SVR forecasting model with the ambient temperature of two hours before DR event as input variables. We use electricity loads for four typical office buildings as sample data to test the method. After analyzing the model prediction results, we find that the SVR model offers a higher degree of prediction accuracy and stability in short-term load forecasting compared to the other seven traditional forecasting models.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZRSKP
The effects of covalent cross-linking of soy protein isolate (SPI-12%) with tannic acid (TA-29,58,88,117,146 μmol/g SPI) in an alkaline environment on the structure, antioxidant activity and gelation ...characteristics of SPI-TA conjugates were found to improve all properties. After alkali treatment, the tryptophan content in the conjugate decreased and the covalent binding rate increased. The addition of TA initiated irreversible SPI modifications, as shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and thermogravimetry. The texture analysis of the gel showed that hardness and elasticity were optimal at pH 11, and the rheological properties of the storage modulus (G′) and loss modulus (G″) increased with higher TA concentrations. Analysis of the microstructure indicates that an increase in TA concentration results in a more compact network structure. Our results indicate that pH-dependent interactions between SPI and TA modify the formation of the gel in a way that improves the rheology and textural properties of the gels.
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•Hydrogels were formed by soy protein isolate (SPI) and tannic acid (TA).•The covalent cross-linking reaction changed the secondary and tertiary structure of SPI.•Crosslinking with TA further improved the antioxidant capacity of SPI.•Higher pH value induced the covalently reactive of stable hydrogel by SPI and TA.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Improving our comprehension of the weight and spatial distribution of urban built environment stocks is essential for informing urban resource, waste, and environmental management, but this is often ...hampered by inaccuracy and inconsistency of the typology and material composition data of buildings and infrastructure. Here, we have integrated big data mining and analytics techniques and compiled a local material composition database to address these gaps, for a detailed characterization of the quantity, quality, and spatial distribution (in 500 m × 500 m grids) of the urban built environment stocks in Beijing in 2018. We found that 3621 megatons (140 ton/cap) of construction materials were accumulated in Beijing’s buildings and infrastructure, equaling to 1141 Mt of embodied greenhouse gas emissions. Buildings contribute the most (63% of total, roughly half in residential and half in nonresidential) to the total stock and the subsurface stocks account for almost half. Spatially, the belts between 3 and 7 km from city center (approximately 5 t/m2) and commercial grids (approximately 8 t/m2) became the densest. Correlation analyses between material stocks and socioeconomic factors at a high resolution reveal an inverse relationship between building and road stock densities and suggest that Beijing is sacrificing skylines for space in urban expansion. Our results demonstrate that harnessing emerging big data and analytics (e.g., point of interest data and web crawling) could help realize more spatially refined characterization of built environment stocks and highlight the role of such information and urban planning in urban resource, waste, and environmental strategies.
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IJS, KILJ, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
•An innovative orthotropic composite deck is proposed to achieve desired fatigue behaviors.•Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) is employed as a high-performance overlay.•The innovative ...orthotropic composite deck integrates conventional steel deck and ECC.•Full-scale orthotropic composite decks are experimentally tested under fatigue loading.•The innovative orthotropic composite deck exhibits desired fatigue resistance and robustness.
Orthotropic steel decks offer many advantages in bridges, but they are prone to fatigue damage. One of the effective approaches to increase the fatigue resistance is to enhance the stiffness through applying a concrete layer, forming a composite section with the steel deck. However, once the concrete is cracked, the composite action is compromised. To improve the fatigue resistance, this study proposes a composite deck using engineered cementitious composite (ECC) and large U-ribs through experimentation and simulations. Two full-scale composite decks were tested to investigate the fatigue resistance and failure process, and validate a finite element model that was used to elucidate the effect of ECC on the fatigue performance. The test results showed that the composite deck had sufficient fatigue resistance, and the analysis results showed that the ECC overlay reduced the stress range by 90% at the rib-to-deck and diaphragm welded joints and 54% at the rib-to-diaphragm welded joints. One interesting finding is that the proposed deck has a robust fatigue resistance even after damages were caused in the deck system. This study is expected to advance the knowledge of the effect of ECC on the fatigue resistance, understand the underlying mechanisms, and promote further research and potential applications of the proposed composite deck.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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