Earthquake productivity law Shebalin, P N; Narteau, C; Baranov, S V
Geophysical journal international,
08/2020, Volume:
222, Issue:
2
Journal Article
Peer reviewed
Open access
SUMMARY
Mechanisms of stress transfer and probabilistic models have been widely investigated to explain earthquake clustering features. However, these approaches are still far from being able to link ...individual events and to determine the number of earthquakes caused by a single event. An alternative approach based on proximity functions allows us to generate hierarchical clustering trees and to identify pairs of nearest-neighbours between consecutive levels of hierarchy. Then, the productivity of an earthquake is the number of events of the next level to which it is linked. Using a relative magnitude threshold ΔM to account for scale invariance in the triggering process, we show that the ΔM-productivity attached to each event is a random variable that follows an exponential distribution. The exponential rate of this distribution does not depend on the magnitude of triggering events and systematically decreases with depth. These results could now be used to characterize active fault systems and improve epidemic models of seismicity.
•We studied gene methylation during motor neuron differentiation from SMA patient-derived iPSCs.•PAX6, HB9, CHAT, ARHGAP22, and SMN2 genes are differently methylated in SMA iPSCs.•Patient-derived ...iPSCs are relevant model for identification of new SMA pathways.
Spinal muscular atrophy is a progressive motor neuron disorder caused by deletions or point mutations in the SMN1 gene. It is not known why motor neurons are particularly sensitive to a decrease in SMN protein levels and what factors besides SMN2 underlie the high clinical heterogeneity of the disease. Here we studied the methylation patterns of genes on sequential stages of motor neuron differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells derived from the patients with SMA type I and II. The genes involved in the regulation of pluripotency, neural differentiation as well as those associated with spinal muscular atrophy development were included. The results show that the PAX6, HB9, CHAT, ARHGAP22, and SMN2 genes are differently methylated in cells derived from SMA patients compared to the cells of healthy individuals. This study clarifies the specificities of the disease pathogenesis and extends the knowledge of pathways involved in the SMA progression.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Ionic migration plays an important role in the operation of perovskite-based solar cells and light-emitting diodes. Although ionic migration is a reversible process, it often leads to worsening of ...the perovskite-based device performance and hysteresis in current-voltage characteristics; the phase segregation in mixed halide perovskites is the most harmful effect. The reason lies in the dynamical band structure changes, one of the biggest challenges in the development of light-emitting solar cells, which can be solved through controllable engineering. Herein, we demonstrate the controllable band structure bending due to ion migration under an applied voltage in mixed halide perovskite devices. The band structure rearrangement is demonstrated in light-emitting solar cells based on the perovskite with organic cations methylammonium (MA
+
) and formamidinium (FA
+
), and with PEDOT:PSS and C60 transport layers having a high barrier of 0.8 eV for charge injection. The devices based on MAPbBr
2
I and FAPbBr
2
I demonstrate different threshold voltages of 1.7 and 2.6 V, respectively, in the LED regime after device pre-biasing, whereas the device with the monohalide perovskite MAPbBr
3
does not demonstrate such behavior. We assume that this arises from the different dipole moments of the organic cation molecules, MA
+
and FA
+
, possessing non-zero dipole moments of 2.29 Debye and 0.21 Debye, respectively. Our hypothesis is that under the applied voltage, perovskite cations and anions move towards the perovskite/transport layer interfaces and form accumulation layers. Moreover, the organic accumulation layer at the perovskite/electron transport layer interface additionally bends the device band structure and lowers the LED threshold voltage due to its dipole nature. This ability to change the device band structure
in situ
opens the way for the development of dual functional devices based on a simple design. In addition, it makes the mixed halide perovskite more flexible than monohalide ones for the creation of different optoelectronic devices without the use of special types of transport materials.
The dipole layer of organic cation ions forms under applied voltage and helps to switch the working regime of light-emitting solar cell from solar cell to light-emitting diode.
The advantage of metasurfaces and nanostructures with a high nonlinear response is that they do not require phase matching, and the generated pulses are short in the time domain without additional ...pulse compression. However, the fabrication of large-scale planar structures by lithography-based methods is expensive, time consuming, and requires complicated preliminary simulations to obtain the most optimized geometry. Here, we propose a novel strategy for the self-assembled fabrication of large-scale resonant metasurfaces, where incident femtosecond laser pulses adjust the initial silicon films via specific surface deformation to be as resonant as possible for a given wavelength. The self-adjusting approach eliminates the necessity of multistep lithography and designing, because interference between the incident and the scattered parts of each laser pulse "imprints" resonant field distribution within the film. The self-adjusted metasurfaces demonstrate a high damage threshold (≈10
W cm
) and efficient frequency conversion from near-IR to deep UV. The conversion efficiency is up to 30-fold higher compared with nonresonant smooth Si films. The resulting metasurfaces allow for the generation of UV femtosecond laser pulses at a wavelength of 270 nm with a high peak and average power (≈10
W and ≈1.5 μW, respectively). The results pave the way to the creation of ultrathin nonlinear metadevices working at high laser intensities for efficient deep UV generation at the nanoscale.
We present the results of study the structure and composition of microcrystalline diamonds obtained by high-pressure high temperature sintering of detonation nanodiamond particles. Using optical ...detected magnetic resonance method, photoluminescence spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy we found sintering of detonation nanodiamond significantly differ from initial detonation nanodiamonds and can be compared to high quality diamonds. Monocrystals of diamonds obtained by the method of oriented attachment have dimensions of up to tens of microns, possess the habitus of high-quality diamonds, and do not contain metal catalysts in the lattice structure. In those crystals, the presence of optically active nitrogen impurities in the crystal lattice is observed. In particular, there is a bright nitrogen-vacancy defects. They are characterized by optical detected magnetic resonance method, which shows that spin properties of the obtained single crystals correspond to high-quality natural diamonds and surpass synthetic diamonds obtained from graphite in the presence of metal catalysts, followed by irradiation and annealing to obtain nitrogen-vacancy defects optical defects in the diamond lattice. The presence of nitrogen vacancy defects and the high-quality of the crystal structure of sintering of detonation nanodiamond allows us to consider them as potential candidates in quantum magnetometry. For this purpose, the possibility of a simple way to improve the AFM probe by fixing a microcrystalline sintering of detonation nanodiamond particle on its tip is demonstrated.
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DOBA, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
A procedure has been developed for the annulation of a 2-(thi)oxo-1,3-dithiole-4,5-dithiolate fragment to 3,6-di-
tert
-butyl-
o
-benzoquinone. The resulting
o
-quinones have a significant asymmetry ...with respect to the plane of the chelate dioxolene site, which can be used in the targeted design of the coordination environment of metal ions in complexes. Isomeric manganese adducts containing dioxolene, carbonyl, and phosphine ligands, which differ in the location of the asymmetric
o
-quinone ligand, have been characterized by EPR spectroscopy.
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EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
A global trend towards miniaturization and multiwavelength performance of nanophotonic devices drives research on novel phenomena, such as bound states in the continuum and Mietronics, as well as ...surveys for high-refractive index and strongly anisotropic materials and metasurfaces. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) is one of the promising materials for future nanophotonics owing to its inherent anisotropy and prospects of high-quality monocrystal growth with an atomically flat surface. Here, we present highly accurate optical constants of hBN in the broad wavelength range of 2501700 nm combining imaging ellipsometry measurements, scanning near-field optical microscopy and first-principles quantum mechanical computations. hBN's high refractive index, up to 2.75 in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible range, broadband birefringence of ∼0.7, and negligible optical losses make it an outstanding material for UV and visible range photonics. Based on our measurement results, we propose and design novel optical elements: handedness-preserving mirrors and subwavelength waveguides with dimensions of 40 nm operating in the visible and UV ranges, respectively. Remarkably, our results offer a unique opportunity to bridge the size gap between photonics and electronics.
A global trend towards miniaturization and multiwavelength performance of nanophotonics drives research on novel phenomena as well as surveys for high-refractive index and strongly anisotropic materials and metasurfaces, where hBN has a central role.
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic disease, which characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord and further striated muscle atrophy. The research of the processes in ...diseased neurons is complicated due to the impossibility of obtaining them safely from patients. Thus, we generated SMA type III induced pluripotent stem cell lines via using non-integrated episomal plasmid vectors. The resulting cell line expresses the major pluripotency markers and can differentiate in vitro into derivatives of three germ layers. The iPSC line can be used for further studies by providing in vitro the relevant cell types.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
A
bstract
We present the study of the decay
J/ψ
→
ρπ
. The results are based on of 5.2 million
J/ψ
events collected by the KEDR detector at the VEPP-4M collider. The branching fractions are measured ...to be
B
(
J/ψ
→
ρπ
) = (2
.
072 ± 0
.
017 ± 0
.
062) ∙ 10
−
2
and
B
(
J/ψ
→
π
+
π
−
π
0
) = (1
.
878 ± 0
.
013 ± 0
.
051) ∙ 10
−
2
, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic. Our results are more precise than the previous relative measurements.
The article reviews the contemporary concepts of space habitats, focusing on the habitats’ mass, dimensions, and resistance to the space environment.
The authors discuss a concept of constructing a ...multifunctional settlement on the Moon's surface that suggests sequential solutions for main problems of assuring habitability and operational versatility. Different aspects of the efficient algorithm for lunar colony development were analyzed, including the efficiency of payload delivery and a possibility for assuring proper protection of payload.
The article describes the advantages of using the modular design and standard components that are delivered ready-to-use and enable the shortest time needed to provide primary habitability of the on-planet colony. It was suggested to use load-carrying deployable structures as standard pressure shells of the generic modules because of the ability of these structures to acquire sufficient protection properties and three-dimensional stiffness once deployed.
The article presents a scenario that gives an understanding of the way of using the proposed space transportation systems with a step-by-step expansion of the colony's functionality.
In conclusion, the authors assume that the compact folding of standard habitat modules’ pressure shells during delivery can result in fewer transportation missions.
•The creation of settlements on the Moon is part of the paradigm of space exploration.•Universality and readiness of settlement modules provide their fastest habitability.•Expandable modules can acquire sufficient protection immediately after deployment.•A decrease in transport missions due to compact folding of modules is demonstrated.•The mission scenario shows the algorithm of multiple use of parts of space transport.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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