Summary
Plants continue to lose water from their leaves even after complete stomatal closure. Although this minimum conductance (gleaf‐res) has substantial impacts on strategies of water use and ...conservation, little is known about the potential drivers underlying the variability of this trait across species.
We thus untangled the relative contribution of water leaks from the cuticle and stomata in order to investigate how the variability in leaf morphological and anatomical traits is related to the variation in gleaf‐res and carbon assimilation capacity across 30 diverse species from the Brazilian Cerrado.
In addition to cuticle permeance, water leaks from stomata had a significant impact on gleaf‐res. The differential pattern of stomata distribution in the epidermis was a key factor driving this variation, suggesting the existence of a trade‐off between carbon assimilation and water loss through gleaf‐res. For instance, higher gleaf‐res, observed in fast‐growing species, was associated with the investment in small and numerous stomata, which allowed higher carbon assimilation rates but also increased water leaks, with negative impacts on leaf survival under drought. Variation in cuticle structural properties was not linked to gleaf‐res.
Our results therefore suggest the existence of a trade‐off between carbon assimilation efficiency and dehydration tolerance at foliar level.
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Em 2020 um novo patógeno, denominado SARS-Cov-2, foi capaz de criar um cenário de pandemia, levando a medidas de restrição social por todo mundo. Junto com a crise econômica provocada pelo fechamento ...forçado do comércio, a doença conhecida como COVID-19 soma, a cada dia, um número maior de infectados e óbitos que se mantém elevado após um ano de pandemia. No Brasil, o primeiro caso foi identificado no final de fevereiro, e desde então seus número de mortos e contaminados não param de subir. Dois dos principais motivos para o grande número de óbitos da doença são a faixa etária da população afetada e a presença de comorbidades, que podem agravar o quadro clínico dos pacientes. Para uma melhor compreensão do cenário pandêmico local, esse trabalho visa elucidar o perfil epidemiológico da COVID-19 no município de Itabuna, Bahia. Com esse objetivo, foram analisadas fichas de notificação de pacientes cujos diagnósticos foram confirmados laboratorialmente a fim de identificar os principais fatores de risco. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma maior susceptibilidade a complicações clínicas pacientes com faixa etária superior a 60 anos, condição essa sustentada pela maior taxa de hospitalização, mortalidade e letalidade da doença a partir dessa faixa etária. Foi observado também um leve predomínio de pacientes femininos em relação a masculinos, sendo os sintomas tosse, febre e dor de garganta os mais comuns para ambos os sexos. Ademais, a taxa de incidência de Itabuna se mostrou superior a taxa da região nordeste do Brasil, revelando assim uma necessidade urgente de elaboração de medidas de proteção contra a COVID-19, visando proteger especialmente grupos de risco, evitando assim um excesso de internações e sobrecarga do serviço de saúde.
The aim of this study was to analyze the analgesic potential of
extract (EHA) as an alternative to osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. Thus, the extract was initially evaluated by the cyclooxygenase ...inhibition test. The analgesic effect of the extract, in vivo, was also verified in a model of OA induced by sodium monoiodoacetate (2 mg). EHA was administered to rats at doses of 50, 150, and 450 mg/kg between 3 and 25 days after OA induction. The animals were clinically evaluated every 7 days, euthanized at 29 days, and the liver, spleen, kidney and knee collected for histopathological analysis. The chemical composition of EHA was identified by HPLC-MS and the identified compounds submitted to molecular docking study. The results showed that the extract promoted cyclooxygenase inhibition and produced significant improvements in disability, motor activity, hyperalgesia, and OA-induced allodynia parameters, in addition to improvements in the radiological condition of the knees (but not observed in the histopathological study). Chemically the extract is rich in flavonoids. Among them, we evidence that amentoflavone showed very favorable interactions with the enzyme COX-2 in the in silico analysis. Thus, it is concluded that
has important analgesic properties for the treatment of OA.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of dentin deproteinization protocols for post space using different formulations containing sodium hypochlorite before fiber post cementation ...with self-adhesive resinous cement. The groups were divided according to the irrigation protocol (DWC, SHS, SHT and SHG). The residue cleanliness, bond strength, adhesive failure pattern, and tag formation at the adhesive interface between the self-adhesive cement and the dentin were evaluated. For this, analysis in scanning electron microscope, push-out test and confocal laser scanning microscopy were performed. The SHT protocol showed the highest residue cleanliness on the dentin surface of the post space (p<0.05). In addition, SHT protocol showed highest bond strength and tag formation in the cervical and middle thirds (p<0.05). Dentin deproteinization with sodium hypochlorite with surfactant provided the best dentin cleaning of residues, bond strength and tag formation after cementation of the fiber post with self-adhesive cement.
Bark is a structure involved in multiple physiological functions, but which has been traditionally associated with protection against fire. Thus, little is known about how the morpho-anatomical ...variations of this structure are related to different ecological pressures, especially in tropical savanna species, which are commonly subjected to frequent fire and drought events. Here we evaluated how the structural and functional variations of bark are related to the processes of resilience and resistance to fire, as well as transport and storage of water in 31 native species from the Brazilian Cerrado. Because of their thick bark, none of the trees analyzed were top-killed after a severe fire event. The structural and functional variations of the bark were also associated with water storage and transport, functions related to properties of the inner bark. In fact, species with a thicker and less dense inner bark were the ones that had the highest water contents in the wood, bark, and leaves. Lower bark density was also related to higher stem hydraulic conductivity, carbon assimilation, and growth. Overall, we provide strong evidence that in addition to protection from fire, the relative investment in bark also reflects different strategies of water use and conservation among many Cerrado tree species.
Internal erosion is the most important failure mechanism of earth and rockfill dams. Since this type of erosion develops internally and silently, methodologies of data acquisition and processing for ...dam monitoring are crucial to guarantee a safe operation during the lifespan of these structures. In this context, artificial intelligence techniques show up as tools that can simplify the analysis and verification process not of the internal erosion itself, but of the effects that this pathology causes in the response of the dam to external stimuli. Therefore, within the scope of this paper, a methodological framework for monitoring internal erosion in the body of earth and rockfill dams will be proposed. For that, artificial intelligence methods, especially deep neural autoencoders, will be used to treat the acoustic data collected by geophones installed on a dam. The sensor data is processed to identify patterns and anomalies as well as to classify the dam's structural health status. In short, the acoustic dataset is preprocessed to reduce its dimensionality. In this process, for each second of acquired data, three parameters are calculated (Hjorth parameters). For each parameter, the data from all the available sensors are used to calibrate an autoencoder. Then, the reconstruction error of each autoencoder is used to monitor how far from the original (normal) state the acoustic signature of the dam is. The time series of reconstruction errors are combined with a cumulative sum (CUSUM) algorithm, which indicates changes in the sequential data collected. Additionally, the outputs of the CUSUM algorithms are treated by a fuzzy logic framework to predict the status of the structure. A scale model is built and monitored to check the effectiveness of the methodology hereby developed, showing that the existence of anomalies is promptly detected by the algorithm. The framework introduced in the present paper aims to detect internal erosion inside dams by combining different techniques in a novel context and methodological workflow. Therefore, this paper seeks to close gaps in prior studies, which mostly treated just parts of the data acquisition-processing workflow.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
The Earth's surface dynamics provide essential information for guiding environmental and agricultural policies. Uncovered and unprotected surfaces experience several undesirable effects, which can ...affect soil ecosystem functions. We developed a technique to identify global bare surface areas and their dynamics based on multitemporal remote sensing images to aid the spatiotemporal evaluation of anthropic and natural phenomena. The bare Earth's surface and its changes were recognized by Landsat image processing over a time range of 30 years using the Google Earth Engine platform. Two additional products were obtained with a similar technique: a) Earth's bare surface frequency, which represents where and how many times a single pixel was detected as bare surface, based on Landsat series, and b) Earth's bare soil tendency, which represents the tendency of bare surface to increase or decrease. This technique enabled the retrieval of bare surfaces on 32% of Earth's total land area and on 95% of land when considering only agricultural areas. From a multitemporal perspective, the technique found a 2.8% increase in bare surfaces during the period on a global scale. However, the rate of soil exposure decreased by ~4.8% in the same period. The increase in bare surfaces shows that agricultural areas are increasing worldwide. The decreasing rate of soil exposure indicates that, unlike popular opinion, more soils have been covered due to the adoption of conservation agriculture practices, which may reduce soil degradation.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
We investigated the effects of acute and chronic exercise, prescribed in different intensity zones, but with total load-matched on mitochondrial markers (cytochrome C oxidase subunit IV (COX-IV), ...mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), and citrate synthase (CS) activity in skeletal muscles, heart, and liver), glycogen stores, aerobic capacity, and anaerobic index in swimming rats. For this, 2 experimental designs were performed (acute and chronic efforts). Load-matched exercises were prescribed below, above, and on the anaerobic threshold (AnT), determined by the lactate minimum test. In chronic programs, 2 training prescription strategies were assessed (monotonous and linear periodized model). Results show changes in glycogen stores but no modification in the COX-IV and Tfam contents after acute exercises. In the chronic protocols, COX-IV and Tfam proteins and CS adaptations were intensity- and tissue-dependent. Monotonous training promoted better adaptations than the periodized model. Training at 80% of the AnT improved both performance variables, emphasizing the anaerobic index, concomitant to CS and COX-IV improvement (soleus muscle). The aerobic capacity and CS activity (gastrocnemius) were increased after 120% AnT training. In conclusion, acute exercise protocol did not promote responses in mitochondrial target proteins. An intensity and tissue dependence were reported in the chronic protocols, highlighting training at 80 and 120% of the AnT.
Novelty:
Load-matched acute exercise did not enhance COX-IV and Tfam contents in skeletal muscles, heart, and liver.
In chronic exercise, COX-IV, Tfam, and CS activity adaptations were intensity- and tissue-dependent.
Monotonous training was more efficient than the periodized linear model in adaptations of target proteins and enzymatic activity.
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DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of universal adhesive in the etch-and-rinse (ER) strategy with a manual brush (MB) or rotary brush (RB) in adhesion to dentin ...impregnated (WB) or not (NB) with bioceramic sealer, at 24 h and 1 year. Eighty-eight crowns of bovine incisors were divided into four groups (n=22): WB-MB, WB-RB, NB-MB, NB-RB. After the restorative protocol, dentin penetrability was evaluated by confocal microscopy. Bond strength was evaluated by microtensile test. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA/Tukey tests (α=0.05). NB-RB and WB-RB exhibited greater extensions of resin tags in dentin. At 24 h, WB-RB and NB-MB showed the highest and lowest values of bond strength, respectively. At 1 year, WB-MB and WB-RB demonstrated the highest bond strength values. The RB increases the formation of resin tags and residues of bioceramic sealer provides higher bond strength in the ER strategy.
To evaluate the effects of the application of universal adhesive with manual brush (MB) or rotary brush (RB), in the etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etching (SE) strategy, on the bond strength, adhesive ...layer thickness, and adhesive failure pattern to dentin impregnated with bioceramic sealer, at 24 h and 1 year.
Eighty-eight bovine incisor crowns were impregnated with bioceramic sealer was kept for 15 min and cleaned with cotton soaked in distilled water. They were then divided into four groups (n = 22): ER-MB, ER-RB, SE-MB, SE-RB. Subsequently, the specimens were restored with Filtek Z-250 resin. The adhesive layer thickness was individually analyzed using laser confocal microscope. Bond strength was assessed through microtensile testing, and the failure pattern was examined using a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA/Tukey's tests (α = 0.05).
The adhesive layer thickness provided by ER-MB and SE-MB was greater than that provided by ER-RB and SE-RB (P < 0.05). ER-MB showed the lowest bond strength at 24 h (P < 0.05). At 1 year, SE-MB and SE-RB exhibited the highest bond strength values (P < 0.05). ER-MB demonstrated a higher incidence of adhesive failure at 24 h. At 1 year, SE-RB and SE-MB showed a higher incidence of mixed failure.
The use of Scotchbond Universal® adhesive in the etch-and-rinse strategy applied with a MB negatively affects bond strength at 24 h, worsening after 1 year of control, regardless of the application protocol.
•The etch-and-rinse strategy showed lower adhesive strength values after 1 year.•The manual brush strategy presented thicker hybrid layer thickness.•The bioceramic sealer presents a possible interaction with adhesion.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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