Sulfuric acid anodizing (SAA) is a common corrosion protection method for aluminum alloys. Selected additives, usually organic compounds, can be added to the sulfuric acid (SA) electrolyte to improve ...the corrosion resistance of the anodized layer. It is a widespread opinion that certain organic compounds minimize the dissolution rate of an alloy in the SA electrolyte, thereby improving the structure, morphology, and consequently, the corrosion resistance of the resulting porous film. This work introduces Methionine-Sulfuric Acid (MSA) anodizing as a green and energy-efficient method for developing corrosion-resistant anodic oxide films on AA 2024-T3. Electrochemical investigations at free-corrosion potential revealed that methionine retards the alloy dissolution rate in SA with an inhibition efficiency of above 90%. During anodizing, MSA electrolytes decreased the current density, leading to a decrease in energy consumption of up to 52% compared to the SA counterpart. The Field Emission—Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) showed that MSA films have lower thickness and improved pore morphology than SA film generated at the same experimental conditions. The corrosion analyses via salt spray and immersion tests complemented by electrochemical and surface studies indicate superior corrosion performances for MSA films before and after hydrothermal sealing.
This research examine the causal nexus between imports and economic growth in China, India and G7 economies. We use BC granger causality analysis in the frequency domain short (temporary) and long ...term (permanent) causality. Our results suggested that, there is a frequency domain (high and low) proof of the bi-directional causal nexus between imports and economic growth. The imports and economic growth in most economies seem to be long-term and short-term dependent. This empirical study shows that policymakers of these big economies need to analyze the transformation in the import-economic growth causality robustness throughout the year when planning policy actions.
Imports and economic growth; Time domain; Frequency domain; BC granger causality; China, India and G7 countries.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The corrosion inhibition efficiency of 2-Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) for metal substrate (API X60 steel) in 3.5% NaCl solution saturated with CO
gas was probed using various techniques namely, LPR ...(linear polarization resistance), EIS (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy), and PDP (potentiodynamic polarization). The effects of TBA concentration (25-100 ppm), solution pH (4 and 6), temperature (25-80 °C), and immersion time (2-72 h) on the inhibition efficiency were examined. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) were deployed to explore the corrosion retardation mechanism. TBA exhibited protection efficiencies exceeding 90% for all experimental conditions considered. The excellent anticorrosion performance by TBA was retained up to 72 hours of immersion time. PDP results exhibited that TBA behaved as a mixed type inhibitor. Results from kinetics and thermodynamics analyses indicate that TBA chemically adsorbed on the steel surface following Langmuir isotherm model. The composition of the adsorbed TBA film has been analyzed by XPS.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
This paper uses bivariate quantile causality nonparametric test and wavelet coherence to analyze the impacts of geopolitical risks and global economic policy uncertainty on global oil market price ...fluctuations. Quantitative results show that the international geopolitical risk and uncertainty in global economic policy will lead to changes in the international market oil prices. At the same time, not only in the short term, this impact is still significant in the long term. Especially after 2016, the impacts of the double “uncertainty” high-risk events should be monitored closely.
•This study examines the impact of “uncertainties” of international geopolitical risks and global economic policy uncertainty on global oil market price fluctuations.•Using bivariate quantile causality nonparametric test and wavelet coherence.•Findings show that the international geopolitical risk and uncertainty in global economic policy will lead to changes in the international market oil price.•The findings are robust for the short as well as long term.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This article intends to summarize the corrosion inhibition of pipeline steels in aqueous carbon dioxide (
CO
2
)
environments. The emphasis is on various inhibitors, especially imidazolines used to ...mitigate mild steel corrosion under various conditions. The most predominant and feared type of corrosion attack in oil and gas industries is caused by
CO
2
. The application of corrosion inhibitors is considered the most suitable method of combating
CO
2
corrosion of steel pipelines. The prime objective of this work is to summarize carbon dioxide corrosion inhibitors so far tested and reported against this type of attack. The information presented in this article is of significance for oil and gas industries that use steel pipeline for the transportation of oil and gas products. Furthermore, this review would be helpful in designing better inhibitors for the mitigation of
CO
2
corrosion in oil and gas industries.
This study examines whether banking transparency and competition affect financial stability of banks and transparency acts as a conduit in effecting the competition among banks to increase or ...decrease their financial stability. This study uses multiple variations of a two-step system generalized method of moments approach on annual data from 164 Chinese commercial banks from 2000 to 2014. The results of this study showed that transparency with market power lessens the insolvency risk of banks as well as credit market risk; one could infer that market discipline works more robustly in the presence of disclosure requirements. This study supports existing market literature that China’s banking transparency is a significant determinant of changes in financial stability given the market structure of its banking system while controlling for several exogenous and endogenous variables. The results are robust by using alternate proxies for market structure, banking transparency and financial stability.
The incidence of diabetes has increased globally in recent years and figures of diabetic patients were estimated to rise up to 642 million by 2040. The disorder is accompanied with various ...complications if not managed at the early stages, and interlinked high mortality rate and morbidity with time. Different classes of drugs are available for the management of type 2 diabetes but were having certain limitations of their safety. Alphaglucosidase is a family of enzyme originated from the pancreas which plays a role in the anabolism of 80-90% of carbohydrate consumed into glucose. This glucose is absorbed into the blood and results in frank postprandial hyperglycemia and worsens the conditions of diabetic patients which precipitate complications. Inhibition of these enzymes helps to prevent postprandial hyperglycemia and the formation of glycated end products. Alphaglucosidase inhibitors are reported to be more important in adequate control of type 2, but marketed drugs have various side effects, such as poor patient compliance and also expensive. This proves the needs for other class of drugs with better efficacy, safety, patient compliance and economic. In this review, we have emphasized the recent advances in the field of new alpha-glucosidase inhibitors with improved safety and pharmacological profile.
The study examines the significant factors affecting the capital structure decisions for banks’ in MENA region. An unbalanced panel data comprising of 132 banks operating in fifteen different ...countries of the MENA region from 2012 to 2017, data was extracted from Bank Scope resulting in 891 bank year observations. Macroeconomic indicators and institutional characteristics data has been taken from World Bank and World Bank governance indicators database and financial freedom data has been collected from heritage foundation. We use the two-step system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to explore the relationship between dependent and explanatory variables. The regression outcome between profitability and leverage shows a negative and significant relationship. No significant association between tangibility and leverage is found. Earnings volatility is negatively and significantly related to leverage. The relationship between growth and leverage is negative and significant. Macroeconomic indicators GDP growth and inflation show a positive relationship with leverage. Finally, the institutional factors, that is, government effectiveness, political stability, and rule of law have positive association with leverage. The study results will lend a hand to bank managers to make value-maximizing financing decisions to achieve an optimal capital structure. It will also help the policymakers to articulate an effective regulatory framework in the region. As per our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the determining factors of capital structure for banks operating in the MENA region. Moreover, the findings from MENA region banks could also support the comparative study with other regional blocks.
The United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union on 23 June 2016, which led to a notable shift in the financial markets. This study investigates the dynamic linkages between stock price and ...exchange rate for the UK and four other EU countries, considering the periods before and after the Brexit referendum. We applied the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) and the detrended cross-correlation coefficient, ρDCCA, to investigate the influence of Brexit referendum event to provide fresh evidence of co-movements among the European financial markets. In this case we found positive and negative co-movements in UK and EU financial markets demonstrating a different pattern for these two periods. ρDCCA findings suggest that most of the European financial markets tend to be negatively correlated in the long term after the Brexit referendum.
•We study relational dynamics for stock market and exchange rates for EU countries.•We applied DFA and ρDCCA for pre and post-Brexit referendum on varying time scales.•EU markets show positive and negative co-movements for pre and post-Brexit periods.•After Brexit referendum EU markets are negatively correlated in the long term.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
This study investigated the role of various factors in the bank lending channel of monetary policy transmission. Using annual data (2000-2012) from the Chinese banking industry, the result of this ...study suggest that bank lending channel neither operates through balance sheet characteristics nor through bank risk. However, this study provides significant evidence of the lending channel operates through the market structure. The market power undermines the effect of monetary policy on bank lending. The results have important policy implications for the Chinese banking industry. Although higher competition raises concerns about financial stability, however, in this case, higher market power has a detrimental effect on bank lending channel and monetary policy transmission. Such results may argue pro-competitive policy in the Chinese banking market so that the desired objective of monetary policy can be achieved.
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BFBNIB, NUK, PILJ, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
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