The eastern staircase of Apadana – the Royal Achaemenid Audience Hall at Persepolis was decorated with numerous reliefs depicting various people subjected to the king’s rule, paying homage and ...bringing gifts. Among these, the Lydian group is one of the delegations carved in the lower part of the staircase. This group was led by one of the officers of the Achaemenid court. The participants carried amphorae, bowls and armlets and were also bringing horses and a chariot. The amphorae and arm rings were represented distinctly with beautiful and unique animal decorations. The purpose of the following research was to identify the metal prototypes of the goods represented as carried by the Lydian group (amphorae, bowls, arm rings) and to illustrate them with artefacts housed in important museums of the world. This research was carried out by descriptive, analytical, comparative and field visit methods. It also used the method of referring to domestic museums and websites of foreign museums, reviewing documents and historical texts. The research concludes that the gifts carried by the Lydian group on the eastern staircase of Apadana, including amphorae, bowls and arm rings, had ceremonial usage, sometimes also being used in important court parties. Animal decorations in the form of griffins were used on the handles of amphorae and rings, which have their roots in the mythology of ancient Iran and other Achaemenid nations. Achaemenid artists developed it after modelling this type of decoration from other nations. This type of decoration (griffin) has been used to decorate jewellery, luxury items, seals, textiles, reliefs etc. The goods carried by the Lydian group as represented on the eastern staircase and some of its metal prototypes were used by the wealthy class of Iranian society in the Achaemenid period.
Numismatic data has always had a special place in archaeological studies. So, these documents can provide researchers with a wide range of information based on the focused point of research. The ...quality and quantity of elements used in coin metal can be restored by archaeometric studies. Some of these elements, such as silver, lead, copper and gold, indicate the monetary policies and metallurgy of their minting time. In this research, for the first time, 25 samples of coins in Ghajar periods were analyzed by the fast and non-destructive PIXE method with different minting techniques, and the percentage of main elements of these coins (silver, copper, lead, gold, iron, chlorine, calcium) were obtained. The results showed that silver is the mould element in this coinage and its amount is slightly different in hammering and milled coinages. Over time, the Qajars were able to gain more control over monetary policies. Also, the presence of small amounts of lead in most of the coins showed that the separation of elements has been done well by silver. And in this era, various sources have been used to supply the necessary silver for minting.
The eastern staircase of Apadana – the Royal Achaemenid Audience Hall at Persepolis was decorated with numerous reliefs depicting various people subjected to the king’s rule, paying homage and ...bringing gifts. Among these, the Lydian group is one of the delegations carved in the lower part of the staircase. This group was led by one of the officers of the Achaemenid court. The participants carried amphorae, bowls and armlets and were also bringing horses and a chariot. The amphorae and arm rings were represented distinctly with beautiful and unique animal decorations. The purpose of the following research was to identify the metal prototypes of the goods represented as carried by the Lydian group (amphorae, bowls, arm rings) and to illustrate them with artefacts housed in important museums of the world. This research was carried out by descriptive, analytical, comparative and field visit methods. It also used the method of referring to domestic museums and websites of foreign museums, reviewing documents and historical texts. The research concludes that the gifts carried by the Lydian group on the eastern staircase of Apadana, including amphorae, bowls and arm rings, had ceremonial usage, sometimes also being used in important court parties. Animal decorations in the form of griffins were used on the handles of amphorae and rings, which have their roots in the mythology of ancient Iran and other Achaemenid nations. Achaemenid artists developed it after modelling this type of decoration from other nations. This type of decoration (griffin) has been used to decorate jewellery, luxury items, seals, textiles, reliefs etc. The goods carried by the Lydian group as represented on the eastern staircase and some of its metal prototypes were used by the wealthy class of Iranian society in the Achaemenid period.
Numismatic data has always had a special place in archaeological studies. So, these documents can provide researchers with a wide range of information based on the focused point of research. The ...quality and quantity of elements used in coin metal can be restored by archaeometric studies. Some of these elements, such as silver, lead, copper and gold, indicate the monetary policies and metallurgy of their minting time. In this research, for the first time, 25 samples of coins in Ghajar periods were analyzed by the fast and non-destructive PIXE method with different minting techniques, and the percentage of main elements of these coins (silver, copper, lead, gold, iron, chlorine, calcium) were obtained. The results showed that silver is the mould element in this coinage and its amount is slightly different in hammering and milled coinages. Over time, the Qajars were able to gain more control over monetary policies. Also, the presence of small amounts of lead in most of the coins showed that the separation of elements has been done well by silver. And in this era, various sources have been used to supply the necessary silver for minting.
producing of black style pottery in Al-Muzaffar period was a logical proceeding and answered to needs of dynamic and nesting social system. This city due to political and cultural centrality and its ...economic advantages reached to such a degree of progress that has diverse occupations and populations. community of Meybod potters named as "Koi Fakharan" have a social identity. This community because of kinship and production focus on adjacent old market and along the central mosque has a specific location. Transfer and continuity of indigenous knowledge of pottery has the form of a native and oral culture. Word prevalence and native and nomination for all pottery production processing is considered as a part of job dignity and identity in this profession. Existence of natural gifts of quality mineral clay has played an role in continuity and localization of pottery art to this day. Skillful potters have knowledge on region's organic and mineral matters and due to this knowledge and by fully innate and methods produce paint and glaze to cover the surface of potteries. All motifs and templates used to painting and drawing of pottery is a reflection of climate and social relationship of Meybod. Research methodology of this article is field study by approach of anthropology and based on artifact data of archeological study and oral conversation with workmen and local people. The outcome of this study is provided a perfect image of black style pottery in Meybod, methods of raw materials processing and all stages of pottery producing.
In all human societies, domestic violence is known as a threat. Violence is imposing one's will on others through mental pressure and physical damage then can cause a feeling of anxiety and ...insecurity in them, especially for the weaker and more vulnerable groups such as women, children, elderly and minority groups who are the victims of oppression and socioeconomic inequalities. According to statistics, Ardabil, in comparison with other Iran's provinces, has the most number of violent crimes. This qualitative research was conducted with the aim of exploring pathological phenomena of social violence in Ardabil province.
this qualitative study was conducted with expert panel. Eighteen participants were selected with targeted sampling method from professors and the heads of the administrative offices who were linked to the phenomenon of social violence and have rich experiences with the social violence issues. After obtaining an informed consent from the participants, expert panel were conducted in two sessions of 150 minutes. At each session all discourse was recorded and after that, immediately transcribed verbatim. Then, the codes, sub-themes and the themes were obtained.
The five main extracted themes included: social, historical and anthropological, cultural, economic and regional factors and 13 sub-themes were classified.
Social, economic, cultural and regional structure, which have been formed and institutionalized in the society over the years, can be influenced and changed by government policies and a variety of programs.
The issue of death and the world after it has been one of the basic human thoughts from the beginning of creation until today. This vision has a set of different manifestations in all societies. ...Tombs and tomb stones are one of the inseparable parts of this thought among all societies from ancient times to the present day, which has been used as a basic tool for its objective and spiritual manifestations. The decorative motifs of tombstones are a reflection of the cultural, social and religious conditions of a society, which is manifested in the form of geometric, symbolic, plant, epigraphic (inscription), and Muqarnas motifs. According to field studies, Maragheh city, located in northwestern Iran, is one of the regions in which many tombstones of the Islamic period has remained. These tombstones can be studied methodically and scientifically from the perspective of archeological, art, anthropological and sociological studies. In recent years, a number of tombstones in the city have been collected inside the museum of lithography. This research, which is the first phase of studying the tombstones of the Islamic period of Maragheh, has studied the tombstones of this museum. In this research, the tombstones of this museum have been studied with a descriptive- analytical approach in order to study the chronology of the tombstones and the motifs used in these tombstones. The results of the research show that the tombstones of this museum are generally from the 1495 – 1883 AD period. The motifs used in the tombstones also reflect the social status and religious beliefs of the deceased.
PDF
