Sound-evoked compound action potential (CAP), which captures the synchronous activation of the auditory nerve fibers (ANFs), is commonly used to probe deafness in experimental and clinical settings. ...All ANFs are believed to contribute to CAP threshold and amplitude: low sound pressure levels activate the high-spontaneous rate (SR) fibers, and increasing levels gradually recruit medium- and then low-SR fibers. In this study, we quantitatively analyze the contribution of the ANFs to CAP 6 days after 30-min infusion of ouabain into the round window niche. Anatomic examination showed a progressive ablation of ANFs following increasing concentration of ouabain. CAP amplitude and threshold plotted against loss of ANFs revealed three ANF pools: 1) a highly ouabain-sensitive pool, which does not participate in either CAP threshold or amplitude, 2) a less sensitive pool, which only encoded CAP amplitude, and 3) a ouabain-resistant pool, required for CAP threshold and amplitude. Remarkably, distribution of the three pools was similar to the SR-based ANF distribution (low-, medium-, and high-SR fibers), suggesting that the low-SR fiber loss leaves the CAP unaffected. Single-unit recordings from the auditory nerve confirmed this hypothesis and further showed that it is due to the delayed and broad first spike latency distribution of low-SR fibers. In addition to unraveling the neural mechanisms that encode CAP, our computational simulation of an assembly of guinea pig ANFs generalizes and extends our experimental findings to different species of mammals. Altogether, our data demonstrate that substantial ANF loss can coexist with normal hearing threshold and even unchanged CAP amplitude.
Sound-level coding in the auditory nerve is achieved through the progressive recruitment of auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) that differ in threshold of activation and in the stimulus level at which the ...spike rate saturates. To investigate the functional state of the ANFs, the electrophysiological tests routinely used in clinics only capture the first action potentials firing in synchrony at the onset of the acoustic stimulation. Assessment of other properties (e.g., spontaneous rate and adaptation time constants) requires single-fiber recordings directly from the nerve, which for ethical reasons is not allowed in humans. By combining neuronal activity measurements at the round window and signal-processing algorithms, we constructed a peristimulus time response (PSTR), with a waveform similar to the peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs) derived from single-fiber recordings in young adult female gerbils. Simultaneous recordings of round-window PSTR and single-fiber PSTH provided models to predict the adaptation kinetics and spontaneous rate of the ANFs tuned at the PSTR probe frequency. The predictive model derived from gerbils was then validated in female mice and finally applied to humans by recording PSTRs from the auditory nerve in normal-hearing patients who underwent cerebellopontine angle surgeries. A rapid adaptation time constant of ∼3 ms and a mean spontaneous rate of ∼22 spikes/s in the 4 kHz frequency range were found. This study offers a promising diagnostic tool to map the human auditory nerve, thus opening new avenues to better understanding auditory neuropathies, tinnitus, and hyperacusis.
Neural adaptation in auditory nerve fibers corresponds to the reduction in the neuronal activity to prolonged or repeated sound stimulation. For obvious ethical reasons, single-fiber recordings from the auditory nerve are not feasible in humans, creating a critical gap in extending data obtained using animal models to humans. Using electrocochleography in rodents, we inferred adaptation kinetics and spontaneous discharge rates of the auditory nerve fibers in humans. Routinely used in basic and clinical laboratories, this tool will provide a better understanding of auditory disorders such as neuropathies, tinnitus, and hyperacusis, and will help to improve hearing-aid fittings.
Auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) transmit acoustic information from the sensory hair cells to the cochlear nuclei. In experimental and clinical audiology, probing the whole ANF population remains a ...difficult task, as the ANFs differ greatly in their threshold and onset response to sound. Thus, low spontaneous rate (SR) fibers, which have rather higher thresholds, delay and larger jitter in their first spike latency are not detectable in the far-field compound action potential of the auditory nerve. Here, we developed a new protocol of acoustic stimulation together with electrophysiological signal processing to track the steady state activity of ANFs. Mass potentials at the round window were recorded in response to repetitive 300-ms bursts of 1/3 octave band noise centered on a frequency probe. Analysis was assessed during the last 200-ms of the response to capture the steady-state response of ANFs. To eliminate the microphonic component reflecting the sensory cells activity, repetitive pairs of sounds of opposite polarities were used. The spectral analysis was calculated on the average of two consecutive responses, and the neural gain was calculated by dividing point-by-point the spectrum to sound over unstimulated condition. In response to low-sound-level stimulation, neural gain predominated in the low-frequency cochlear regions, while a second component of responses centered on higher cochlear frequency regions appeared beyond 30 dB SPL. At 60 dB SPL, neural gain showed a bimodal shape, with a notch near 5.6 kHz. In addition to correlate with the functional mapping of ANFs along the tonotopic axis, the deletion of low-SR fibers leads to a reduction in the high-frequency response, where the low-SR fibers are preferentially located. Thus, mass potentials at the round window may provide a useful tool to probe the SR-based distribution of ANFs in humans and in other species in which direct single-unit recordings are difficult to achieve or not feasible.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objectives:
We compare the evolution of electrode impedance values (IVs) following either conventional cochlear implantation or implantation by the soft surgery (SS) technique.
Methods:
We performed ...a retrospective chart review of 20 consecutive adult patients who underwent implantation with the Nucleus CA 24 device between 2004 and 2007. Five patients with preoperative residual hearing at the frequencies 256, 512, and 1,024 Hz underwent implantation by an SS cochlear implantation technique (SS group), and the 15 other patients underwent a conventional implantation technique (conventional cochleostomy CC group). The active electrodes were classified as distal (17 to 22), middle (10 to 16), or proximal (3 to 9) according to their position in relation to the tip of the electrode array. Their IVs were collected at 1, 3, 12, 24, and 36 months after implantation. Changes in auditory thresholds at 3 and 24 months were reported for patients in the SS group.
Results:
The postoperative IVs of both the CC and SS groups decreased significantly between 1 and 3 months after implantation (p < 0.05) and then remained stable. The IVs after 12 months were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the SS group than in the CC group.
Conclusions:
Patients who underwent the SS technique displayed lower long-term electrode IVs than did their counterparts in the CC group. If electrode IVs are indeed an indirect representation of cochlear fibrosis, the use of the SS technique in lieu of the CC technique could reduce fibrotic development.
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NUK, OILJ, SAZU, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Gerbils possess a very specialized cochlea in which the low-frequency inner hair cells (IHCs) are contacted by auditory nerve fibers (ANFs) having a high spontaneous rate (SR), whereas high frequency ...IHCs are innervated by ANFs with a greater SR-based diversity. This specificity makes this animal a unique model to investigate, in the same cochlea, the functional role of different pools of ANFs. The distribution of the characteristic frequencies of fibers shows a clear bimodal shape (with a first mode around 1.5 kHz and a second around 12 kHz) and a notch in the histogram near 3.5 kHz. Whereas the mean thresholds did not significantly differ in the two frequency regions, the shape of the rate-intensity functions does vary significantly with the fiber characteristic frequency. Above 3.5 kHz, the sound-driven rate is greater and the slope of the rate-intensity function is steeper. Interestingly, high-SR fibers show a very good synchronized onset response in quiet (small first-spike latency jitter) but a weak response under noisy conditions. The low-SR fibers exhibit the opposite behavior, with poor onset synchronization in quiet but a robust response in noise. Finally, the greater vulnerability of low-SR fibers to various injuries including noise- and age-related hearing loss is discussed with regard to patients with poor speech intelligibility in noisy environments. Together, these results emphasize the need to perform relevant clinical tests to probe the distribution of ANFs in humans, and develop appropriate techniques of rehabilitation.
This article is part of a Special Issue entitled <Annual Reviews 2016>.
•The high-spontaneous rate (SR) fibers show a very good synchronized response in quiet but saturate rapidly under noisy conditions.•Inversely, the synchronized response of low-SR fibers is weaker compared to high-SR fibers, but more robust in noise.•Patients with a specific degeneration of low-SR fibers may have poor speech intelligibility in noisy environments.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Les tests électrophysiologiques couramment utilisés en clinique (électrocochléographie et potentiels évoqués du nerf auditif et du tronc cérébral) pour évaluer la fonction auditive capturent ...uniquement le premier potentiel d’action généré de manière synchrone par les fibres du nerf auditif en début de la stimulation acoustique. Malheureusement, aucune information sur l’activité spontanée et les constantes temporelles (adaptation rapide et lente) des fibres du nerf auditif ne peut être obtenue à partir de ces potentiels en champ lointain. En combinant des enregistrements à la fenêtre ronde chez la gerbille et des algorithmes de traitement du signal, nous avons pu enregistrer des potentiels présentant les mêmes caractéristiques temporelles que les fibres du nerf auditif. Le modèle prédictif dérivé des gerbilles a ensuite été validé chez des souris et finalement chez l’homme. Cette étude offre un outil de diagnostic prometteur pour cartographier le nerf auditif humain, ouvrant ainsi de nouvelles voies pour mieux comprendre les neuropathies auditives, les acouphènes et l’hyperacousie.
To investigate the functional state of the auditory nerve fibers (ANFs), the electrophysiological tests routinely used in clinics (electrocochleography and evoked potentials of the auditory nerve and brainstem) only capture the first action potentials firing in synchrony at the onset of the acoustic stimulation. Unfortunately, no information concerning spontaneous rate and adaptation time constants can be obtained from such far-field potentials. By combining neuronal activity measurements at the round window and signal-processing algorithms, we constructed a peri-stimulus time response (PSTR), with a waveform similar to the peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTHs) derived from single-fiber recordings in young adult female gerbils. The predictive model derived from gerbils was then validated in mice and finally applied to humans This study offers a promising diagnostic tool to map the human auditory nerve, thus opening new avenues to better understanding auditory neuropathies, tinnitus, and hyperacusis.
Contexte: La réponse synchrone des fibres auditives, évaluée à partir de l'onde I des potentiels d'action évoqués auditifs (PEA), ou à partir du potentiel d'action composite (PAC) du nerf auditif, ...est l'élément clé du dépistage des neuropathies auditives. De récentes études ont toutefois montré que le seuil et l'amplitude de cette réponse pouvaient être absolument normaux malgré une perte importante de fibres du nerf auditif. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode d'exploration fonctionnelle, potentiellement applicable à l'homme, rendant mieux compte du nombre et de l'intégrité des fibres du nerf auditif. Cette méthode a été évaluée à l'aide d'un modèle pharmacologique de neuropathie physiologiquement pertinent.Matériel et méthodes: Chez des gerbilles, une perte sélective de fibres auditives a été induite par application d'une faible concentration d'ouabaïne dans la niche de la fenêtre ronde de la cochlée. Cette neuropathie a ensuite été caractérisée par des comptages de synapses (immunohistochimie/imagerie confocale 3D) et l'enregistrement de l'activité unitaire de fibres du nerf auditif. Les PAC et l'activité soutenue du nerf ont été enregistrés 6 jours après l'application d'ouabaïne, à l'aide d'une électrode de recueil disposée dans la niche de la fenêtre ronde. Résultats: L'application d'ouabaïne induit une perte spécifique des fibres à basse activité spontanée (AS<0,5 potentiel d'action/sec) comme observé au cours du vieillissement et après une surexposition sonore. La disparition de cette population de fibres est indétectable à l'aide du PAC car leur réponse unitaire est à la fois retardée et désynchronisée. Par contre, l'amplitude de la réponse soutenue du nerf se révèle être un bien meilleur indicateur de la perte des fibres à basse activité spontanée. Pour aller plus loin, nous avons mis au point une méthode qui permet d'observer l'activité synchrone et soutenue du nerf auditif dans une même réponse. Cette approche rend compte des trois mécanismes de fusion vésiculaire (libération rapide, lente et soutenue) de la première synapse auditive.Conclusion: L'analyse de la réponse soutenue du nerf auditif est une approche fiable pour déterminer le nombre et le phénotype fonctionnel des fibres qui composent le nerf auditif. Cette méthode, applicable à l'homme, devrait améliorer le dépistage des neuropathies, avec une meilleure différenciation des atteintes d'origine synaptique et/ou neuronale.Mots clés: Cochlée, nerf auditif, potentiel d'action composite, activité soutenue du nerf auditif, enregistrement unitaires, ouabaïne, neuropathie
Background: The synchronous activation of the auditory nerve fibers (ANFs), is commonly studied through the compound action potential (CAP), or the auditory brainstem responses (ABR), to probe deafness in experimental and clinical settings. Recent studies have shown that substantial ANF loss can coexist with normal hearing threshold, and even unchanged CAP amplitude, making the detection of auditory neuropathies difficult. In this study, we took advantage of the round window neural noise (RWNN) to probe ANF loss in a physiologically-relevant model of neuropathy.Material and methods: ANF loss was induced by the application of ouabain onto the round window niche. CAP and RWNN of the gerbil's cochlea were recorded through an electrode placed onto the round window niche, 6 days after the ouabain application. Afferent synapse counts and single-unit recordings were carried-out to determine the degree and the nature of ANF loss, respectively. Results: Application of a low ouabain-dose into the gerbil RW niche elicits a specific degeneration of low spontaneous rate (SR) fibers, as shown by single-unit recordings. Simultaneous recordings (CAP/single-unit) demonstrate that low-SR fibers have a weak contribution to the CAP amplitude because of their delayed and broad first spike latency distribution. However, the RWNN amplitude decreases with the degree of synaptic loss. The RWNN method is therefore more sensitive than CAP to detect low-SR fiber loss, most probably because it reflects the sustained discharge rate of ANFs. Based on these data, we proposed a far-field method (Peri-stimulus time response-PSTR) to assess the fast, slow, and sustain vesicular release at the first auditory synapse.Conclusion: The round window neural noise is a faithful proxy to probe the degree and the SR-based nature of fiber loss. This method could be translated into the clinic to probe hidden hearing loss and orient the practitioner toward synaptopathy and/or neuropathy.Key words: Cochlea, auditory nerve, compound action potential, round window neural noise, single fiber recording, ouabain-induced neuropathy
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