Most of Earth's fresh surface water is consolidated in just a few of its largest lakes, and because of their unique response to environmental conditions, lakes have been identified as climate change ...sentinels. While the response of lake surface water temperatures to climate change is well documented from satellite and summer in situ measurements, our understanding of how water temperatures in large lakes are responding at depth is limited, as few large lakes have detailed long-term subsurface observations. We present an analysis of three decades of high frequency (3-hourly and hourly) subsurface water temperature data from Lake Michigan. This unique data set reveals that deep water temperatures are rising in the winter and provides precise measurements of the timing of fall overturn, the point of minimum temperature, and the duration of the winter cooling period. Relationships from the data show a shortened winter season results in higher subsurface temperatures and earlier onset of summer stratification. Shifts in the thermal regimes of large lakes will have profound impacts on the ecosystems of the world's surface freshwater.
Online communities are not safe spaces for user privacy. Even though existing research focuses on creating and improving various content moderation strategies and privacy preserving technologies, ...platforms hosting online communities support features allowing users to surveil one another--leading to harassment, personal data breaches, and offline harm. To tackle this problem, we introduce a new, work-in-progress framework for analyzing data privacy within vulnerable, identity-based online communities. Where current SOUPS papers study surveillance and longitudinal user data as two distinct challenges to user privacy, more work needs to be done in exploring the sites where surveillance and historical user data assemble. By synthesizing over 40 years of developments in the analysis of surveillance, we derive properties of online communities that enable the abuse of user data by fellow community members and suggest key steps to improving security for vulnerable users. Deploying this new framework on new and existing platforms will ensure that online communities are privacy-conscious and designed more inclusively.
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