Objectives
An important indicator of discrimination in the criminal justice system is the degree to which race differences in arrest account for racial disproportionality in prisons ...(“accountability”). A recent National Academy of Sciences (NAS) study raised concerns by reporting low and declining estimates of accountability. Our improved measure accounts for unreported Hispanic arrestees. We measure accountability at intermediate stages, including commitments to prison and time served. We also use victim reports to extend accountability from arrest to differential involvement in violent crimes.
Methods
Our methods utilize information on self-reported racial identity of Hispanic prisoners to provide more accurate comparison with the race of arrestees. We also assess accountability for 42 individual states and 4 regions.
Results
Our national estimate of accountability is close to previous estimates and much higher than those in the NAS report. Accountability is high for the serious violent crimes of murder and rape, and low for drug trafficking, drug possession, weapons, and aggravated assault, which involve more discretion in arrest, labeling and charging.
Conclusions
Our more accurate accountability results contradict the NAS report of low and declining accountability. Regional accountability estimates show no consistently stronger or weaker region. We also show a corrected national estimate of the ratio of black-to-white incarceration-rates has dropped from 6.8 in 1990 to 4.7 in 2011, an important correction to concerns of increasing discrimination. Reports of offenders’ race by victims and arrestees’ race are found to be close, supporting use of arrest as an indicator of involvement in violent crimes.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, EMUNI, FIS, FZAB, GEOZS, GIS, IJS, IMTLJ, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, MFDPS, NLZOH, NMLJ, NUK, OBVAL, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, PRFLJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, SBMB, SBNM, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VKSCE, ZAGLJ
This study compares the long-term efficacy of circumferential trabeculotomy to that of conventional angle surgeries in primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), as judged by glaucoma and visual outcomes.
...Retrospective observational case series.
Setting: Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, Georgia. Study Population: This was a single-institution retrospective study involving children with PCG who underwent circumferential trabeculotomy, standard trabeculotomy, or goniotomy with ≥2-year follow-up. Main Outcome Measures: Postoperative success (intraocular pressure IOP < 22 mm Hg ± glaucoma medications, without glaucoma progression/additional IOP-lowering surgery), Snellen-equivalent visual acuity (VA), and IOP at last follow-up. Kaplan-Meier method estimated the probability of glaucoma control vs time postoperatively, and values were compared between angle surgery cohorts using Wilcoxon signed rank tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Fisher exact tests.
Included were 58 eyes (33 children) after circumferential trabeculotomy and 42 eyes (27 children) after standard trabeculotomy/goniotomy, with mean follow-up of 7.2 ± 4.0 and 8.2 ± 4.5 years, respectively. Postoperative success at last follow-up in the circumferential vs conventional cohorts was 81% (47 of 58 eyes) vs 31% (13 of 42 eyes) (P < .0001). At last follow-up, the circumferential cohort had better median VA than the conventional cohort (20/30 (interquartile range IQR 20/25 to 20/70) vs 20/70 (IQR 20/40 to 20/200), P = .009), required fewer glaucoma medications (0.55 ± 1.2 vs 1.61 ± 1.51, P < .0001), had lower IOP in first operated eye (15.2 ± 3.6 vs 18.2 ± 7.0, P = .048), and had comparable incidence of devastating complications (P = .065).
In this retrospective study, circumferential trabeculotomy afforded better long-term success and visual outcomes than conventional angle surgery for children with PCG.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
IMPORTANCE: Glaucoma-related adverse events constitute major sight-threatening complications of cataract removal in infancy, yet their relationship to aphakia vs primary intraocular lens (IOL) ...implantation remains unsettled. OBJECTIVE: To identify and characterize cases of glaucoma and glaucoma-related adverse events (glaucoma + glaucoma suspect) among children in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study by the age of 5 years. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A multicenter randomized clinical trial of 114 infants with unilateral congenital cataract in referral centers who were between ages 1 and 6 months at surgery. Mean follow-up was 4.8 years. This secondary analysis was conducted from December 23, 2004, to November 13, 2013. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized at cataract surgery to either primary IOL or no IOL implantation (contact lens). Standardized definitions of glaucoma and glaucoma suspect were created for the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study and applied for surveillance and diagnosis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Development of glaucoma and glaucoma + glaucoma suspect in operated on eyes for children up to age 5 years, plus intraocular pressure, visual acuity, and axial length at age 5 years. RESULTS: Product limit estimates of the risk for glaucoma and glaucoma + glaucoma suspect at 4.8 years after surgery were 17% (95% CI, 11%-25%) and 31% (95% CI, 24%-41%), respectively. The contact lens and IOL groups were not significantly different for either outcome: glaucoma (hazard ratio HR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.3-2.0; P = .62) and glaucoma + glaucoma suspect (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.6-2.5; P = .58). Younger (vs older) age at surgery conferred an increased risk for glaucoma (26% vs 9%, respectively) at 4.8 years after surgery (HR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.2-8.3), and smaller (vs larger) corneal diameter showed an increased risk for glaucoma + glaucoma suspect (HR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-5.0). Age and corneal diameter were significantly positively correlated. Glaucoma was predominantly open angle (19 of 20 cases, 95%), most eyes received medication (19 of 20, 95%), and 8 of 20 eyes (40%) underwent surgery. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These results suggest that glaucoma-related adverse events are common and increase between ages 1 and 5 years in infants after unilateral cataract removal at 1 to 6 months of age; primary IOL placement does not mitigate their risk but surgery at a younger age increases the risk. Longer follow-up of these children may further characterize risk factors, long-term outcomes, potential differences between eyes having primary IOL vs aphakia, and optimal timing of unilateral congenital cataract removal. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00212134
IMPORTANCE: Glaucoma-related adverse events constitute serious complications of cataract removal in infancy, yet long-term data on incidence and visual outcome remain lacking. OBJECTIVE: To identify ...and characterize incident cases of glaucoma and glaucoma-related adverse events (glaucoma + glaucoma suspect) among children in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS) by the age of 10.5 years and to determine whether these diagnoses are associated with optic nerve head (ONH) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) assessment. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Analysis of a multicenter randomized clinical trial of 114 infants with unilateral congenital cataract who were aged 1 to 6 months at surgery. Data on long-term glaucoma-related status and outcomes were collected when children were 10.5 years old (July 14, 2015, to July 12, 2019) and analyzed from March 30, 2019, to August 6, 2019. INTERVENTIONS: Participants were randomized at cataract surgery to either primary intraocular lens (IOL), or aphakia (contact lens CL). Standardized definitions of glaucoma and glaucoma suspect were created for IATS and applied for surveillance and diagnosis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Development of glaucoma and glaucoma + glaucoma suspect in operated-on eyes up to age 10.5 years, plus intraocular pressure, axial length, RNFL (by optical coherence tomography), and ONH photographs. RESULTS: In Kaplan-Meier analysis, for all study eyes combined (n = 114), risk of glaucoma after cataract removal rose from 9% (95% CI, 5%-16%) at 1 year, to 17% (95% CI, 11%-25%) at 5 years, to 22% (95% CI, 16%-31%) at 10 years. The risk of glaucoma plus glaucoma suspect diagnosis after cataract removal rose from 12% (95% CI, 7%-20%) at 1 year, to 31% (95% CI, 24%-41%) at 5 years, to 40% (95% CI, 32%-50%) at 10 years. Risk of glaucoma and glaucoma plus glaucoma suspect diagnosis at 10 years was not significantly different between treatment groups. Eyes with glaucoma (compared with eyes with glaucoma suspect or neither) had longer axial length but relatively preserved RNFL and similar ONH appearance and visual acuity at age 10 years. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Risk of glaucoma-related adverse events continues to increase with longer follow-up of children following unilateral cataract removal in infancy and is not associated with primary IOL implantation. Development of glaucoma (or glaucoma suspect) after removal of unilateral congenital cataract was not associated with worse visual acuity outcomes at 10 years. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00212134
Abstract Purpose This study reports and compares visual and glaucoma outcomes in primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) versus glaucoma following congenital cataract surgery (GFCS). Design Retrospective, ...observational, comparative case series. Methods Setting: Emory Eye Center, Atlanta, Georgia. Study Population: Pediatric glaucoma patients (age 0-18 years) treated at Emory by one clinician with ≥2-year follow-up. Glaucoma was defined according to the 9th Consensus Report of the World Glaucoma Association. Main Outcome Measures: Snellen-equivalent logmar visual acuity (VA) and glaucoma control (IOP≤21, no devastating complications, no recommendation for further glaucoma surgery). Asymptotic Wilcoxon Mann-Whitney rank sum tests were employed to compare glaucoma subgroups. Results Included were 72 PCG and 56 GFCS cases, with mean follow-up time 7.4 ± 4.1 and 8.0 ± 3.8 years, respectively. At last follow-up, PCG showed better median VA than GFCS in worse-seeing eyes (20/60 interquartile range (IQR) 20/30-20/200 vs. 20/400 IQR 20/70-hand motion, respectively, p<0.0001) and in better-seeing eyes of bilaterally-affected children {20/30 IQR 20/20-20/60 vs. 20/70 IQR 20/35-20/100 respectively, p=0.024).The following variables characterized the PCG and GFCS group’s glaucoma status, respectively: mean age at diagnosis (years) 0.70±1.3 vs. 3.3±3.5 (p<0.0001); median IOP (mm Hg) 15.50 IQR 12.1-19.4 vs. 17.50 IQR 14.9-22, p=0.037; median number of glaucoma medications at last follow-up 1.49 IQR 0-2 vs. 2.54 IQR 1-4, p<0.0001; median number of glaucoma surgeries 1.0 IQR 1-2 vs. 1.25 IQR 0.5-2.0, p=0.09. Conclusions Children with PCG (vs. those with GFCS) presented earlier, had better vision, required fewer medications to control disease, and had lower IOP at last follow-up.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Abstract Purpose To evaluate the safety and intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering effect of a biodegradable bimatoprost sustained-release implant (Bimatoprost SR). Design Phase I/II, prospective, ...24-month, dose-ranging, paired-eye controlled clinical trial. Methods At baseline following washout, open-angle glaucoma patients (n=75) were administered Bimatoprost SR (6-μg, 10-μg, 15-μg, or 20-μg) intracamerally in the study eye; the fellow eye began topical bimatoprost 0.03% QD. Rescue topical IOP-lowering medication or a single repeat treatment with implant was allowed. The primary endpoint was IOP change from baseline. The main safety measure was adverse events. Results through month 6 are reported. Results Bimatoprost SR provided rapid, sustained IOP lowering. Overall mean IOP reduction from baseline through week 16 in study eyes was 7.2, 7.4, 8.1, and 9.5 mm Hg with the 6-μg, 10-μg, 15-μg, and 20-μg dose strengths of implant, respectively, versus 8.4 mm Hg in topical bimatoprost-treated pooled fellow eyes (data censored at rescue/retreatment). Rescue/retreatment was not required in 91% and 71% of study eyes up to week 16 and month 6, respectively. Adverse events in study eyes usually occurred within 2 days after the injection procedure and were transient. Conjunctival hyperemia with onset later than 2 days after the injection procedure was more common with topical bimatoprost than Bimatoprost SR (17.3% vs. 6.7% of eyes). Conclusions Bimatoprost SR demonstrated favorable efficacy and safety through 6 months. All dose strengths were comparable to topical bimatoprost in overall IOP reduction through week 16. A single administration controlled IOP in the majority of patients for up to 6 months.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
To correlate the diagnosis of glaucoma among children in the Infant Aphakia Treatment Study (IATS) by age 10 years with anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) findings.
A multicenter ...randomized controlled trial of 114 infants with unilateral congenital cataract who were 1-6 months of age at surgery. Data on long-term glaucoma-related status and outcomes were collected when children were 10.5 years old. Participants were randomized at cataract surgery to either primary intraocular lens (IOL) or no IOL implantation (contact lens CL). AS-OCT findings in eyes with glaucoma were compared to eyes which did not have glaucoma and to the fellow eyes, between fellow and treated eyes, and between the IOL and CL groups.
There were no significant differences in the mean nasal and temporal anterior chamber angle (ACA) or mean nasal and temporal angle opening distance (AOD) for nonglaucomatous, glaucomatous, and fellow eyes (P = 0.31, 0.16, 0.43, 0.08 resp.). There were also no significant differences in mean nasal and temporal ACA and AOD between fellow and treated eyes (P = 0.44, 0.67, 0.57, 0.38 resp.), or between IOL and CL groups (P = 0.36, 0.35, 0.49, 0.44, resp.).
AS-OCT confirmed that eyes with glaucoma in IATS had predominantly open angles with similar ACA and AOD to eyes without glaucoma and to fellow eyes. Furthermore, congenital cataract surgery with or without an IOL did not result in a significant difference in ACA or AOD compared to fellow eyes in IATS.▪
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Abstract
Lodovico Brunetti (1813–1899), professor of pathological anatomy at the University of Padua and founder of the Museum of Pathological Anatomy, believed that anatomical preparations were ...essential for the practice and teaching of pathological anatomy. At his arrival in Padua in 1855, there were around 300 made by other professors of medicine, including some by Giovanni Battista Morgagni, preserved either in liquid or dry. These conservation methods did not satisfy Brunetti, as they drastically altered the shape of the anatomical pieces (reduced by mummification and dilated in liquid); thus, he decided to create a new method called “tannization,” for the use of tannic acid. Brunetti's new method was based on dissection and injection techniques, and it had the substantial advantage of maintaining unchanged the shape and texture of the anatomical specimens, even microscopically, as well as being not so expensive. Another important advantage consisted in the fact that the different stages of the preparation could be put into practice even at different times and at a considerable distance from each other. His specimens seemed to be mummified, but they maintained a remarkable elasticity and softness, as well as almost completely unaltered proportions. Today, the Morgagni Museum of the University of Padua still preserves several tannized preparations attributable to Brunetti and his successors. The current study aims to show the educational value of this method showing the results of Brunetti's tannization nowadays.
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FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Purpose To identify risk factors for device exposure and intraocular infection following implantation of a glaucoma drainage device. Design Retrospective case series. Methods The medical records of ...adult patients undergoing glaucoma drainage device implantation at an academic medical center between 2000 and 2010 were reviewed. Main outcome measures included device exposure and intraocular infection. Results Seven hundred and sixty-three cases were identified. These included 702 primary implants (ie, the first drainage device implanted into an eye) and 61 sequential implants. Among 702 primary implants, there were 41 cases of exposure (5.8%). None of the potential risk factors were statistically significant. Implant location was found to be a marginally significant risk factor. The exposure rates for inferior and superior implants were 12.8% (5 of 39) and 5.4% (36 of 663), respectively ( P = .056). The highest rate of exposure for primary implants occurred in the inferior-nasal quadrant (17.2%, 5 of 29). The rate of exposure for sequential devices was 13.1% (8 of 61), with the highest rate also found in the inferior-nasal quadrant (20%, 5 of 25). Of 49 total exposures, 8 were associated with intraocular infection (16.3%). Exposures over inferior implants were more likely to be associated with infection than exposures over superior implants (41.7% vs 8.1%; P = .0151). Conclusion Implant location approached, but did not reach, statistical significance as a risk factor for exposure. Exposures over inferior implants place patients at a higher risk of infection than superior exposures. More studies are needed to identify modifiable risk factors for device exposure.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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