The aim of this study was to evaluate correlation between the concentrations of anti-H. Pylori antibodies (IgG and IgA) and CU. The study population included 105 persons (18-65 years old). The ...diagnose was made by dermatologist and based on clinical features of CU. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for levels of serum IgG and IgA antibodies against H. pylori using ELISA method. Data were analyzed using Vassar-Stats system student's t-test for their level of significance. Results were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05. From 62 patients with chronic urticaria, 44 had elevated titer of H. Pylori IgG antibodies. H. Pylori IgG plus IgA antibodies were found elevated in 47.13% of patients, while only IgA antibodies were elevated in 43.55% of patients. Among group without chronic urticaria we found elevated values of H. Pylori antibodies IgG in 39.6% of patients. H. Pylori IgG plus IgA antibodies were higher than normal value in 41.9%, while anti-H. Pylori IgA were increased in 37.4%.
Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative spiral-shaped bacterium that infects from 30% to 50% of the world’s population and it is one of the most important in dyspeptic syndrome causes of gastritis and ...peptic ulcer. H. pylori is one of the most common chronic bacterial infections especially in the development countries because the socioeconomic contribute to chronic disease. The infection induces an acute polymorphonuclear infiltration in the gastric mucosa. Infection with H. pylori has been epidemiologically linked to some extra digestive conditions, including ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus (DM), and others. The patients with DM are at risk for H. pylori infection, since they have coupled susceptibility of to a wide range of infections as a result of chronic elevation of blood glucose level and impairment of immune functions. Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for coronary heart disease, because inflammation, vascular injury and thrombosis are considered to cause atherosclerosis. The risk of cardiovascular events is associated with increased levels of the acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP), and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin 6 (IL-6), a major pro-inflammatory cytokine is produced in a variety of tissues, including activated leukocytes, adipocytes, and endothelial cells. CRP is the principal downstream mediator of the acute phase response and is primarily derived through IL-6-dependent hepatic biosynthesis. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as an important inflammatory factor, has been shown to play a central role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. CRP and IL-6 were determinant of risk for the development of type 2 DM in apparently healthy middle-aged women. Since the prevalence of infected persons with H. pylori in Kosovo is high, the aim of this study was the evaluation of cytokines (IL1, TNF-α) and CRP in diabetic type 2 patients with positive H. pylori.
Carbohydrate sulfotransferases (CHST) catalyse the biosynthesis of proteoglycans that enable physical interactions and signalling between different neighbouring cells in physiological and ...pathological states. The study aim was to provide an overview of emerging diagnostic and prognostic applications of CHST. PubMed database search was conducted using the keywords "carbohydrate sulfotransferase" together with appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria, whereby 41 publications were selected. Additionally, 40 records on CHST genetic and biochemical properties were hand-picked from UniProt, GeneCards, InterPro, and neXtProt databases. Carbohydrate sulfotransferases have been applied mainly in diagnostics of connective tissue disorders, cancer and inflammations. The lack of CHST activity was found in congenital connective tissue disorders while CHST overexpression was detected in different malignancies. Mutations of
gene cause skeletal dysplasia, chondrodysplasia, and autosomal recessive multiple joint dislocations while increased tissue expression of
,
and
is an unfavourable prognostic factor in ovarian cancer, glioblastoma and pancreatic cancer, respectively. Recently,
and
overexpression in the vascular smooth muscle cells was linked to the severe lung pathology in COVID-19 patients. Promising CHST diagnostic and prognostic applications have been described but larger clinical studies and robust analytical procedures are required for the more reliable diagnostic performance estimations.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Financial institutions are financial intermediaries in the process of transferring financial funds between participants in the financial system. The main participants in the financial system are: ...individuals, businesses, financial intermediaries and the government. Money owners are interested in investing their savings to make money. As compensation for this, they derive profits in various forms, such as interest, dividends, capital gains, etc. Borrowers also need additional financial funding to finance their investment or consumer programs. They are obliged to borrow those funds from financial institutions. For borrowed funds they pay a certain price to the lenders. With the mediation of financial institutions, it is possible to transfer financial funds from entities that have surpluses to entities that have a lack of financial funds, and at the same time need to provide them from external sources. Investment or consumption, if sufficient accumulation of the necessary financial funds was expected from own resources. The essence of financial intermediation lies in the collection of financial funds by many individuals and businesses that hold financial savings, and their investment in various forms. With the proclamation of the financial mediation process, we notice its multidimensional aspect, on the one hand as the collection of financial funds in various forms and their concentration, and on the other hand as investments of funds collected through various forms of loans to borrowers who need financial funding. Financial institutions do not only have the role of simple intermediation, because they also perform a whole set of analyzes and evaluations in the case of creating, providing and performing their services, both in terms of fundraising and concentration, and from aspect of potential investment of financial forms. In terms of fundraising, the analysis aims to assess the appropriateness of financial resources in terms of interest rate and term of use, while in terms of investing financial potential, the analysis aims to ascertain and determine economic reasonableness and financial financing of investment projects, and real opportunities for return on invested funds, together with a certain interest rate. Savings holders can also invest them directly in users who need financial support. They can also lend them to the government to finance additional budget spending programs. In the first case we are dealing with the issuance of shares and bonds by the company that need financial funds, and in the second with government bonds, through which the government provides financial funds to finance the budget deficit.
In summary, financial institutions (financial intermediaries) enable the collection of financial savings of businesses and individuals, as well as their investment in various variable forms for the financing of development programs and commissions. By performing this function, financial institutions influence the optimization of economic-financial effects and increase the efficiency of micro and macroeconomic scales
In March 2018, Refinitiv commissioned a global survey to better understand the true cost of financial crime and to raise awareness of its wider impact on business, individuals and society as a whole. ...In total, over 2,300 senior managers from large organizations across 19 countries participated. We also supplemented the survey findings by conducting in-depth research and holding interviews with leading NGOs (Education Endowment Foundation, Transparency International UK and Walk Free Foundation) and the European Union’s law enforcement agency to gain perspective on the human cost of financial crime. This report specifically examines the findings in Europe.
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