In situ observations in Earth's and Saturn's magnetosheaths and in the solar wind reveal the presence of Alfvén vortices as intermittent structures in the range of scales from fluid lengths down to a ...few ion lengths. The density and the magnetic field associated with them appear to be compressible for higher plasma betas. Until now, only incompressible Alfvén vortices have been known. Motivated by space plasma observations, we develop a new model of magnetic vortices in high-beta plasmas with anisotropic temperature, possessing compressible density and magnetic field, whose typical size ranges from fluid to ion scales. At magnetofluid scales, we find novel nonpropagating field-aligned cylindrical monopoles and inclined propagating dipoles. Their transverse magnetic and velocity fluctuations are aligned, but not identical, and they exhibit density and compressible magnetic field fluctuations δn and localized inside the vortex core. In the presence of thermal anisotropy and acoustic effects, they may be correlated or anticorrelated, fluctuations whose velocity along the magnetic field is below the ion thermal speed are always correlated. At ion or kinetic scales (with the smallest radii ) and in the absence of acoustic perturbations, only dipolar Alfvén vortices survive with properties similar to those at fluid scales, except that δn/n0 reaches the level of . We also find pressure-balanced kinetic slow magnetosonic dipoles, possessing finite and purely compressional magnetic field perturbation, whose existence is facilitated by a strong ion temperature anisotropy.
The pioneering paper 'Optical rogue waves' by Solli et al (2007 Nature 450 1054) started the new subfield in optics. This work launched a great deal of activity on this novel subject. As a result, ...the initial concept has expanded and has been enriched by new ideas. Various approaches have been suggested since then. A fresh look at the older results and new discoveries has been undertaken, stimulated by the concept of 'optical rogue waves'. Presently, there may not by a unique view on how this new scientific term should be used and developed. There is nothing surprising when the opinion of the experts diverge in any new field of research. After all, rogue waves may appear for a multiplicity of reasons and not necessarily only in optical fibers and not only in the process of supercontinuum generation. We know by now that rogue waves may be generated by lasers, appear in wide aperture cavities, in plasmas and in a variety of other optical systems. Theorists, in turn, have suggested many other situations when rogue waves may be observed. The strict definition of a rogue wave is still an open question. For example, it has been suggested that it is defined as 'an optical pulse whose amplitude or intensity is much higher than that of the surrounding pulses'. This definition (as suggested by a peer reviewer) is clear at the intuitive level and can be easily extended to the case of spatial beams although additional clarifications are still needed. An extended definition has been presented earlier by N Akhmediev and E Pelinovsky (2010 Eur. Phys. J. Spec. Top. 185 1-4). Discussions along these lines are always useful and all new approaches stimulate research and encourage discoveries of new phenomena. Despite the potentially existing disagreements, the scientific terms 'optical rogue waves' and 'extreme events' do exist. Therefore coordination of our efforts in either unifying the concept or in introducing alternative definitions must be continued. From this point of view, a number of the scientists who work in this area of research have come together to present their research in a single review article that will greatly benefit all interested parties of this research direction. Whether the authors of this 'roadmap' have similar views or different from the original concept, the potential reader of the review will enrich their knowledge by encountering most of the existing views on the subject. Previously, a special issue on optical rogue waves (2013 J. Opt. 15 060201) was successful in achieving this goal but over two years have passed and more material has been published in this quickly emerging subject. Thus, it is time for a roadmap that may stimulate and encourage further research.
Engineering of materials at the atomic level is one of the most important aims of nanotechnology. The unprecedented ability of scanning probe microscopy to address individual atoms opened up the ...possibilities for nanomanipulation and nanolitography of surfaces and later on of two-dimensional materials. While the state-of-the-art scanning probe lithographic methods include, primarily, adsorption, desorption and repositioning of adatoms and molecules on substrates or tailoring nanoribbons by etching of trenches, the precise modification of the intrinsic atomic structure of materials is yet to be advanced. Here we introduce a new concept, scanning probe microscopy with a rotating tip, for engineering of the atomic structure of membranes based on two-dimensional materials. In order to indicate the viability of the concept, we present our theoretical research, which includes atomistic modeling, molecular dynamics simulations, Fourier analysis and electronic transport calculations. While stretching can be employed for fabrication of atomic chains only, our comprehensive molecular dynamics simulations indicate that nanomanipulation by scanning probe microscopy with a rotating tip is capable of assembling a wide range of topological defects in two-dimensional materials in a rather controllable and reproducible manner. We analyze two possibilities. In the first case the probe tip is retracted from the membrane while in the second case the tip is released beneath the membrane allowing graphene to freely relax and self-heal the pore made by the tip. The former approach with the tip rotation can be achieved experimentally by rotation of the sample, which is equivalent to rotation of the tip, whereas irradiation of the membrane by nanoclusters can be utilized for the latter approach. The latter one has the potential to yield a yet richer diversity of topological defects on account of a lesser determinacy. If successfully realized experimentally the concept proposed here could be an important step toward controllable nanostructuring of two-dimensional materials.
The paper presents a theoretical study of broadband mid-infrared supercontinuum generation at low power in semiconductor multiple quantum wells (MQWs) facilitated by electromagnetically induced ...transparency. Pulses of 200 W peak power and 700 fs duration at 9.963 m have been used to study the supercontinuum generation dynamics in a 1.374 m long MQW system. The supercontinuum spectrum is 13.0 m broad and asymmetric about the pump wavelength. Although the spectral broadening is dominated by self-phase modulation, four-wave mixing, modulation instability and soliton generation also contribute to the broadening.
We introduce vector solitary waves in two-component Bose-Einstein condensates with spatially modulated nonlinearity coefficients and a harmonic trapping potential. Using the self-similarity method, ...novel vector solitary waves are built with the help of Whittaker function, including multipole solutions and necklace rings. The stability of vortex soliton pairs is examined by direct numerical simulation; the results show that a new class of stable low-order vortex soliton pairs with n = 2 and m ≤ 3 can be supported by the spatially modulated interaction in the harmonic trap. Higher order vector-vortex soliton is found unstable over prolonged distances.
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A similarity transformation is introduced to reduce the generalized two-dimensional (2D) nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with modulated spatial coefficients and a special external potential to ...the standard NLS equation with constant coefficients. The 2D rogue wave solutions are constructed with the help of Whittaker functions in polar coordinates. We present some typical examples of the obtained solutions by selecting the two free parameters: the azimuthal number (the topological charge) and the radial node. With the help of two free parameters, the unique properties of solutions are discussed. Furthermore, we find that the rogue waves display different intensity patterns, such as the circular-pyramid, annular-ring and vortex-ring patterns.
Rabi oscillation, an interband oscillation, describes periodic motion between two states that belong to different energy levels, in the presence of an oscillatory driving field. In photonics, Rabi ...oscillations can be mimicked by applying a weak longitudinal periodic modulation to the refractive index. However, the Rabi oscillations of nonlinear states have yet to be introduced. We report the Rabi oscillations of azimuthons—spatially modulated vortex solitons—in weakly nonlinear waveguides with different symmetries. The period of the Rabi oscillations can be determined by applying the coupled mode theory, which largely depends on the modulation strength. Whether the Rabi oscillations between two states can be obtained or not is determined by the spatial symmetry of the azimuthons and the modulating potential. Our results not only deepen the understanding of the Rabi oscillation phenomena, but also provide a new avenue in the study of pattern formation and spatial field manipulation in nonlinear optical systems.
A self-consistent nonlinear hydrodynamic theory is presented of the propagation of a long and thin relativistic electron beam, for a typical plasma wake field acceleration configuration in an ...unmagnetized and overdense plasma. The random component of the trajectories of the beam particles as well as of their velocity spread is modelled by an anisotropic temperature, allowing the beam dynamics to be approximated as a 3D adiabatic expansion/compression. It is shown that even in the absence of the nonlinear plasma wake force, the localisation of the beam in the transverse direction can be achieved owing to the nonlinearity associated with the adiabatic compression/rarefaction and a coherent stationary state is constructed. Numerical calculations reveal the possibility of the beam focussing and defocussing, but the lifetime of the beam can be significantly extended by the appropriate adjustments, so that transverse oscillations are observed, similar to those predicted within the thermal wave and Vlasov kinetic models.
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