Carbon materials are, in general, very good absorbents of microwaves, i.e., they are easily heated by microwave radiation. This characteristic allows them to be transformed by microwave heating, ...giving rise to new carbons with tailored properties, to be used as microwave receptors, in order to heat other materials indirectly, or to act as a catalyst and microwave receptor in different heterogeneous reactions. In recent years, the number of processes that combine the use of carbons and microwave heating instead of other methods based on conventional heating has increased. In this paper some of the microwave-assisted processes in which carbon materials are produced, transformed or used in thermal treatments (generally, as microwave absorbers and catalysts) are reviewed and the main achievements of this technique are compared with those obtained by means of conventional (non microwave-assisted) methods in similar conditions.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) have been successfully entrapped in biopolymer, calcium (Ca)-alginate beads. The study has demonstrated the potential use of this technique in environmental ...remediation using nitrate as a model contaminant. Ca-alginate beads show promise as an entrapment medium for nZVI for possible use in groundwater remediation. Based on scanning electron microscopy images it can be inferred that the alginate gel cluster acts as a bridge that binds the nZVI particles together. Kinetic experiments with 100, 60, and 20
mg NO
3
−-N
L
−1 indicate that 50–73% nitrate-N removal was achieved with entrapped nZVI as compared to 55–73% with bare nZVI over a 2-h period. The controls ran simultaneously show little NO
3
−-N removal. Statistical analysis indicates that there was no significant difference between the reaction rates of bare and entrapped nZVI. The authors have shown for the first time that nZVI can be effectively entrapped in Ca-alginate beads and no significant decrease in the reactivity of nZVI toward the model contaminant (nitrate here) was observed after the entrapment.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Overcoming the detrimental effect of disorder at the nanoscale is very hard since disorder induces localization and an exponential suppression of transport efficiency. Here we unveil novel and robust ...quantum transport regimes achievable in nanosystems by exploiting long-range hopping. We demonstrate that in a 1D disordered nanostructure in the presence of long-range hopping, transport efficiency, after decreasing exponentially with disorder at first, is then enhanced by disorder disorder-enhanced transport (DET) regime until, counterintuitively, it reaches a disorder-independent transport (DIT) regime, persisting over several orders of disorder magnitude in realistic systems. To enlighten the relevance of our results, we demonstrate that an ensemble of emitters in a cavity can be described by an effective long-range Hamiltonian. The specific case of a disordered molecular wire placed in an optical cavity is discussed, showing that the DIT and DET regimes can be reached with state-of-the-art experimental setups.
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CMK, CTK, FMFMET, IJS, NUK, PNG, UL, UM
We contend that the field of family therapy is undergoing a notable shift from second‐ to third‐order thinking. We offer theoretical support and examples to demonstrate how third‐order thinking ...provides a framework for integrating heightened sociocultural attunement into family therapy practice. We discuss the importance of third‐order thinking relative to being prepared to invite families into third‐order change. Finally, we offer a case example to show specific guidelines for third‐order practice.
Afirmamos que el ámbito de la terapia familiar está sufriendo un cambio notable porque está pasando del pensamiento de segundo orden al pensamiento de tercer orden. Ofrecemos respaldo teórico y ejemplos para demostrar cómo el pensamiento de tercer oden ofrece un marco para integrar una mayor sensibilización sociocultural en la práctica de la terapia familiar. Debatimos la importancia del pensamiento de tercer orden relativa a estar preparados para invitar a las familias al cambio hacia el tercer orden. Finalmente, ofrecemos el ejemplo de un caso para mostrar pautas específicas sobre la práctica del tercer orden.
我们认为家庭心理治疗这一领域正在经历一个从第二种到第三种思考的显著转折。我们提出理论支持和例子来证明第三种思考如何为将进一步社会文化调适整合入家庭心理治疗提供框架。我们还讨论了第三种思考相对于将家庭引入引入第三种改变的重要性。最后,我们提供了一个案例来表明第三种实践的特定指南.
Translation into Spanish
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
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•Drying of organic waste can be co-integrated with microwave pyrolysis (MIP).•Moisture promotes the gasification of char and favours gas production.•There exists an optimal moisture ...content which maximises the syngas concentration.•The specific energy efficiency of MIP can be improved at higher scale.
The development of integrated platforms is desirable in order to improve the efficiency of biorefineries. This study deals with an innovative all-in-one thermochemical process (drying, pyrolysis and gasification) based on the use of microwave energy, which could eliminate the need to pre-dry municipal solid waste in order to produce a high quantity of synthesis gas. Depending on the initial moisture content and pyrolysis time, it is possible to obtain different syngas compositions but only during the first 20min. Beyond this time the syngas composition remains almost constant. In addition, the moisture content was found to improve the volumetric gas production by almost 50%. The energy consumption of this all-in-one process is discussed by comparing it with the scarce information available in the literature concerning the scaling-up of microwave-assisted processes, which may be more cost-effective at a higher scale.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Photographic evidence of plasma formation when different carbon materials are subjected to microwave heating is presented. Two different kinds of plasmas are observed: ball lightning and arc ...discharge plasmas. The intensity of the plasmas in the less ordered carbon was significantly higher at the beginning of the process.
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► Evidence of plasma formation during microwave heating of carbons is presented. ► Two types of plasmas are observed: ball lightning and arc discharge plasmas. ► The incidence and intensity of plasmas was higher at the beginning of the process.
Microwave heating can be used to promote heterogeneous reactions with carbon materials, mainly because of the heating mechanism involved in microwave radiation and the phenomenon known as microplasmas. This work presents photographic evidence of plasma formation when different carbon materials are subjected to microwave heating. Two different kinds of plasmas were observed: ball lightning and arc discharge plasmas. The intensity of the plasmas in the less ordered carbon was significantly higher at the beginning of the process.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
Les pneumopathies interstitielles diffuses (PID) sont un groupe hétérogène de pathologies respiratoires souvent secondaires aux connectivites. Certains patients vont développer une PID avec stigmates ...d’auto-immunité sans avoir les critères suffisants pour porter le diagnostic de pathologie auto-immune. Leur prise en charge est difficile car ils sont à la frontière entre PID idiopathique et secondaire. Afin de mieux identifier ces patients, le concept de PID avec manifestations auto-immunes (IPAF : Interstitial Pneumonia with Autoimmune Features) a été proposé. Le diagnostic repose sur la présence d’une PID sans cause secondaire retrouvée et la présence d’un signe ou plus parmi au moins 2 des 3 domaines suivant : clinique, sérologique, et morphologique. Ces patients ont un âge moyen de 60 ans avec un sex-ratio de 1/1 et selon les études près de 20 % vont développer une connectivite selon les critères internationaux. Le pronostic de ces patients est meilleur que celui des patients ayant une PID idiopathique et la survie moyenne à 5 ans est de 70 %. Un âge élevé au diagnostic, un pattern de pneumopathie interstitielle commune ou une altération de la diffusion libre du monoxyde de carbone ont été identifiés comme facteurs de mauvais pronostic. En plus de la prise en charge standard des pathologies respiratoires chroniques, le traitement repose sur un traitement immunosuppresseur et/ou antifibrosant. Cette classification a pour objectif de mieux caractériser ces patients afin d’optimiser leur prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique.
Interstitial lung diseases (ILD) are a heterogeneous group of respiratory diseases often related to connective tissue diseases. Some patients will develop an ILD with autoimmune features without reaching the recommended criteria for autoimmune diseases. Their management is difficult because they have both features for idiopathic and connective tissue disease. To better identify these patients, the concept of interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF) has been created. The diagnosis relies on ILD without identified cause and the presence of at least one defined criterion among 2 of the 3 following domains: clinic, serologic, and morphologic. The mean age at diagnosis is 60, a sex ratio of 1/1, and depending on the authors close to 20% of patients with IPAF will develop a connective tissue disease according to the international criterion. Their prognosis is better than for patients with idiopathic ILD and with an average 5-year survival of 70%. Older age at diagnosis, a pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia, and an impaired diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide have been identified as poor prognosis factors. The treatment relies on usual care for chronic respiratory diseases and is often associated with immunosuppressive and/or antifibrotic therapies. The objective of this classification is to better characterize these patients and improve their management.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
Memory formation is hypothesized to involve the generation of event-specific neural activity patterns during learning and the subsequent spontaneous reactivation of these patterns. Here, we present ...evidence that these processes can also be observed in urethane-anesthetized rats and are enhanced by desynchronized brain state evoked by tail pinch, subcortical carbachol infusion, or systemic amphetamine administration. During desynchronization, we found that repeated tactile or auditory stimulation evoked unique sequential patterns of neural firing in somatosensory and auditory cortex and that these patterns then reoccurred during subsequent spontaneous activity, similar to what we have observed in awake animals. Furthermore, the formation of these patterns was blocked by an NMDA receptor antagonist, suggesting that the phenomenon depends on synaptic plasticity. These results suggest that anesthetized animals with a desynchronized brain state could serve as a convenient model for studying stimulus-induced plasticity to improve our understanding of memory formation and replay in the brain.
•Sensory stimulation evokes sequential activity patterns in sensory cortex•These patterns reoccur during subsequent spontaneous activity•Formation of new spiking patterns is facilitated in desynchronized brain state•In anesthetized rats, desynchronized brain state can be induced by amphetamine
Sensory experience evokes stimulus-specific patterns of neuronal activity. These patterns are later spontaneously replayed, which is believed to be an important part of memory formation and learning. Bermudez Contreras et al. show that these processes are enhanced in attentive-like brain state.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
The dry reforming of coke oven gases (COG) over an activated carbon used as catalyst has been studied in order to produce a syngas suitable for methanol synthesis. The primary aim of this work was to ...study the influence of the high amount of hydrogen present in the COG on the process of dry reforming, as well as the influence of other operation conditions, such us temperature and volumetric hourly space velocity (VHSV). It was found that the reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction takes place due to the hydrogen present in the COG, and that its influence on the process increases as the temperature decreases. This situation may give rise to the consumption of the hydrogen present in the COG, and the consequent formation of a syngas which is inappropriate for the synthesis of methanol. This reaction can be avoided by working at high temperatures (about 1000
°C) in order to produce a syngas that is suitable for methanol synthesis. It was also found that the RWGS reaction is favoured by an increase in the VHSV. In addition, the active carbon FY5 was proven to be an adequate catalyst for the production of syngas from COG.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK
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