Kupferhaltige Enzyme haben wegen der variablen Redox- und Koordinationschemie dieses Metalls vielfältige Aufgaben in allen lebensnotwendigen chemische Prozessen. (z. B. Atmung, Photosynthese). Schon ...wenige Milligramm Kupfer zu viel oder zu wenig können zu schweren Krankheiten führen. Der Beitrag beschreibt anhand einiger wichtiger kupferhaltiger Enzyme die fundamentale Bedeutung des Kupfers in der Natur. (Orig.).
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BFBNIB, FZAB, GIS, IJS, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, SBCE, SBMB, UL, UM, UPUK
Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods have been proposed to overcome computational problems in linkage and segregation analyses. This approach involves sampling genotypes at the marker and trait ...loci. Among MCMC methods, scalar-Gibbs is the easiest to implement, and it is used in genetics. However, the Markov chain that corresponds to scalar-Gibbs may not be irreducible when the marker locus has more than two alleles, and even when the chain is irreducible, mixing has been observed to be slow. Joint sampling of genotypes has been proposed as a strategy to overcome these problems. An algorithm that combines the Elston-Stewart algorithm and iterative peeling (ESIP sampler) to sample genotypes jointly from the entire pedigree is used in this study. Here, it is shown that the ESIP sampler yields an irreducible Markov chain, regardless of the number of alleles at a locus. Further, results obtained by ESIP sampler are compared with other methods in the literature. Of the methods that are guaranteed to be irreducible, ESIP was the most efficient.
The chalcogenoborates Li
6-x
Cs
x
B
10
S
18
and Li
6-x
Cs
x
B
10
Se
18
(x-1) were prepared from stoichiometric amounts of lithium sulfide (selenide), cesium sulfide (selenide), boron and sulfur ...(selenium) in solid state reactions at higher temperatures. Single crystal X-ray diffraction was used to determine and refine the structures. Crystal data for Li
6-x
Cs
x
B
10
S
18
are: space group 14
1
/amd (No. 141), a = 9.458(1) Å, c = 26.507(5) Å with Z = 4, and a = 10.028(2) Å, c = 27.743(6) Å for the isotypic Li
6-x
Cs
x
B
10
Se
18
. Both compounds are composed of corner-sharing super-adamantane analogous B
10
S(e)
20
-units, forming anionic layers, connected by lithium and cesium cations. The resulting structure represents a new structure type in thio-and selenoborate chemistry.
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Choosing the right feature for motion based activity spotting is not a trivial task. Often, features derived by intuition or that proved to work well in previous work are used. While feature ...selection algorithms allow automatic decision, definition of features remains a manual task. We conduct a comparative study of features with very different origin. To this end, we propose a new type of features based on polynomial approximation of signals. The new feature type is compared to features used routinely for motion based activity recognition as well as to recently proposed body-model based features. Experiments were performed on three different, large datasets allowing a thorough, in-depth analysis. They not only show the respective strengths of the different feature types but also their complementarity resulting in improved performance through combination. It shows that each feature type with its individual and complementary strengths and weaknesses can improve results by combination.
The perseleno‐selenoborates Rb2B2Se7 and Cs3B3Se10 were prepared from the metal selenides, amorphous boron and selenium, the thallium perseleno‐selenoborates Tl2B2Se7 and Tl3B3Se10 directly from the ...elements in evacuated carbon coated silica tubes by solid state reactions at temperatures between 920 K and 950 K. All structures were refined from single crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The isotypic perseleno‐selenoborates Rb2B2Se7 and Tl2B2Se7 crystallize in the monoclinic space group I 2/a (No. 15) with lattice parameters a = 12.414(3) Å, b = 7.314(2) Å, c = 14.092(3) Å, β = 107.30(3)°, and Z = 4 for Rb2B2Se7 and a = 11.878(2) Å, b = 7.091(2) Å, c = 13.998(3) Å, β = 108.37(3)° with Z = 4 for Tl2B2Se7. The isotypic perseleno‐selenoborates Cs3B3Se10 and Tl3B3Se10 crystallize in the triclinic space group P1 (Cs3B3Se10: a = 7.583(2) Å, b = 8.464(2) Å, c = 15.276(3) Å, α = 107.03(3)°, β = 89.29(3)°, γ = 101.19(3)°, Z = 2, (non‐conventional setting); Tl3B3Se10: a = 7.099(2) Å, b = 8.072(2) Å, c = 14.545(3) Å, α = 105.24(3)°, β = 95.82(3)°, γ = 92.79(3)°, and Z = 2). All crystal structures contain polymeric anionic chains of composition (B2Se72–)n or (B3Se103–)n formed by spirocyclically fused non‐planar five‐membered B2Se3 rings and six‐membered B2Se4 rings in a molar ratio of 1 : 1 or 2 : 1, respectively. All boron atoms have tetrahedral coordination with corner‐sharing BSe4 tetrahedra additionally connected via Se–Se bridges. The cations are situated between three polymeric anionic chains leading to a nine‐fold coordination of the rubidium and thallium cations by selenium in M2B2Se7 (M = Rb, Tl). Coordination numbers of Cs+ (Tl+) in Cs3B3Se10 (Tl3B3Se10) are 12(11) and 11(9).
Synthesen und röntgenographische Charakterisierung von Rb2B2Se7, Tl2B2Se7, Cs3B3Se10 und Tl3B3Se10: Neue Perseleno‐selenoborate mit polymeren Bor‐Selen‐Anionenketten
Die Perseleno‐selenoborate Rb2B2Se7 und Cs3B3Se10 wurden aus den entsprechenden Metallseleniden, amorphem Bor und elementarem Selen, Tl2B2Se7 und Tl3B3Se10 direkt aus den Elementen in evakuierten Glaskohlenstoff‐beschichteten Quarzampullen in Hochtemperatur‐Schmelzreaktionen bei Temperaturen zwischen 920 K und 950 K dargestellt. Die vier neuen Verbindungen wurden durch Einkristall‐Röntgenstrukturanalysen charakterisiert. Die isotypen Verbindungen Rb2B2Se7 und Tl2B2Se7 kristallisieren monoklin in der Raumgruppe I 2/a (Rb2B2Se7: a = 12,414(3) Å, b = 7,314(2) Å, c = 14,092(3) Å, b = 107,30(3)°, Z = 4; Tl2B2Se7: a = 11,878(2) Å, b = 7,091(2) Å, c = 13,998(3) Å, α = 108,37(3)°, und Z = 4), während die isotypen Perseleno‐selenoborate Cs3B3Se10 und Tl3B3Se10 triklin in der Raumgruppe P1 kristallisieren (Cs3B3Se10: a = 7,583(2) Å, b = 8,464(2) Å, c = 15,276(3) Å, α = 107,03(3)°, β = 89,29(3)°, γ = 101,19(3)°, Z = 2 (unkonventionelle Aufstellung); Tl3B3Se10: a = 7,099(2) Å, b = 8,072(2) Å, c = 14,545(3) Å, α = 105,24(3)°, β = 95,82(3)°, γ = 92,79(3)°, Z = 2). Die Kristallstrukturen weisen eindimensional unendliche Anionenketten der formalen Zusammensetzung (B2Se72–)n bzw. (B3Se103–)n auf, die aus spirocyclisch verknüpften nicht‐planaren B2Se3‐Fünfringen und B2Se4‐Sechsringen im Verhältnis 1 : 1 bzw. 2 : 1 gebildet werden. Alle Boratome sind tetraedrisch koordiniert, wobei zusätzlich zur Eckenverknüpfung benachbarte BSe4‐Tetraeder über Diselenidbrücken miteinander verbunden sind. Die Rb+‐ und Tl+‐Ionen im M2B2Se7 (M = Rb, Tl) sind neunfach durch Selenatome, die drei unterschiedlichen Anionensträngen angehören, koordiniert. Die Koordinationszahlen für Cs+ (Tl+) im Cs3B3Se10 (Tl3B3Se10) betragen 12(11) bzw. 11(9).
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Objectives: We developed the first German evidence- and
consensus-based clinical guideline on diagnosis, treatment,
and follow-up of germ cell tumours (GCT) of the testes in
adult patients. We ...present the guideline content in 2 separate publications. The present second part summarizes the
recommendations for the treatment of advanced disease
stages and for the management of follow-up and late effects.
Materials and Methods: An interdisciplinary panel of 42 experts including 1 patient representative developed the
guideline content. Clinical recommendations and statements were based on scientific evidence and expert consensus. For this purpose, evidence tables for several review
questions, which were based on systematic literature searches (last search in March 2018), were provided. Thirty-one experts, who were entitled to vote, rated the final clinical recommendations and statements. Results: Here we present
the treatment recommendations separately for patients
with metastatic seminoma and non-seminomatous GCT
(stages IIA/B and IIC/III), for restaging and treatment of residual masses, and for relapsed and refractory disease stages. The recommendations also cover extragonadal and sex
cord/stromal tumours, the management of follow-up and
toxicity, quality-of-life aspects, palliative care, and supportive therapy. Conclusion: Physicians and other medical service providers who are involved in the diagnostics, treatment, and follow-up of GCT (all stages, outpatient and inpatient care as well as rehabilitation) are the users of the present
guideline. The guideline also comprises quality indicators for
measuring the implementation of the guideline recommendations in routine clinical care; these data will be presented
in a future publication
Abstract
Introduction: This is the first German evidence- and consensus-based clinical guideline on diagnosis, treatment,
and follow-up on germ cell tumours (GCTs) of the testis in
adult patients. We ...present the guideline content in two
publications. Part I covers the topic’s background, methods, epidemiology, classification systems, diagnostics,
prognosis, and treatment recommendations for the localized stages. Methods: An interdisciplinary panel of 42 experts including 1 patient representative developed the
guideline content. Clinical recommendations and statements were based on scientific evidence and expert consensus. For this purpose, evidence tables for several review
questions, which were based on systematic literature
searches (last search was in March 2018) were provided.
Thirty-one experts entitled to vote, rated the final clinical
recommendations and statements. Results: We provide
161 clinical recommendations and statements. We present
information on the quality of cancer care and epidemiology
and give recommendations for staging and classification as
well as for diagnostic procedures. The diagnostic recommendations encompass measures for assessing the primary tumour as well as procedures for the detection of metastases. One chapter addresses prognostic factors. In part I,
we separately present the treatment recommendations for
germ cell neoplasia in situ, and the organ-confined stages
(clinical stage I) of both seminoma and nonseminoma. Conclusion: Although GCT is a rare tumour entity with excellent
survival rates for the localized stages, its management requires an interdisciplinary approach, including several clinical experts. Quality of care is highly related to institutional
expertise and can be reassured by established online-based
second-opinion boards. There are very few studies on diagnostics with good level of evidence. Treatment of metastatic GCTs must be tailored to the risk according to the International Germ Cell Cancer Collaboration Group classification after careful diagnostic evaluation. An interdisciplinary
approach as well as the referral of selected patients to centres with proven experience can help achieve favourable
clinical outcomes.
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