Prirojene nepravilnosti sečil vključujejo širok spekter malformacij, ki so posledica neustreznega embrionalnega razvoja sečil in se pogosto se pojavljajo v sklopu sindromov. Čeprav je etiologija ...prirojenih napak sečil v večini primerov verjetno multifaktorska, je v redkih primerih razvoj nepra-vilnosti sečil povezan z monogenskimi ali kromosomskimi vzroki, in sicer s patogenimi različicami v posameznem genu ali kromosomu. Verjetnost genetske etiologije je večja pri kompleksnih kliničnih slikah, kot je obojestranska parenhimska prizadetost ledvic, in ob pozitivni družinski anamnezi prirojenih nepravilnosti sečil in/ali sindromskega stanja. Pri diagnosticiranju prirojenih nepravilnosti sečil vse pogosteje uporabljamo genetske preiskave, ki temeljijo na metodi sekvenciranja naslednje generacije, pri pridruženih razvojnih nepravilnostih več organskih sistemov ter razvojnem zaostanku in/ali dizmorfnih znakih pa tudi molekularno kariotipizacijo.
To analyze the mutational spectrum, clinical characteristics, genotype-phenotype correlations, testicular adrenal rests tumor prevalence, and role of neonatal screening in congenital adrenal ...hyperplasia (CAH) patients from Slovakia and Slovenia.
Data were obtained from 104 patients with CAH registered in Slovak and Slovenian databases. Low-resolution genotyping was performed to detect the most common point mutations. To detect deletions, conversions, point mutations, or other sequence changes in the
gene, high-resolution genotyping was performed. Genotypes were classified according to residual 21-hydroxylase activity (null, A, B, C).
64% of the individuals had the salt-wasting form (SW-CAH), 15% the simple virilizing form (SV-CAH), and 21% the non-classic (NC-CAH).
gene deletion/conversion and c.293-13A/C>G pathogenic variant accounted together for 55.5% of the affected alleles. In SV-CAH p.Ile172Asn was the most common pathogenic variant (28.13%), while in NC-CAH p.Val282Leu (33.33%),
gene deletion/conversion (21.43%), c.293-13A/C>G (14.29%), Pro30Leu (11.90%). The frequency of alleles with multiple pathogenic variants was higher in Slovenian patients (15.83% of all alleles). Severe genotypes (0 and A) correlated well with the expected phenotype (SW in 94.74% and 97.3%), while less severe genotypes (B and C) correlated weaklier (SV in 50% and NC in 70.8%). The median age of SW-CAH patients at the time of diagnosis was 6 days in Slovakia vs. 28.5 days in Slovenia (p=0.01). Most of the Slovak patients in the cohort were detected by NBS. (24 out of 29). TARTs were identified in 7 out of 24 male patients, of whom all (100%) had SW-CAH and all had poor hormonal control. The median age at the diagnosis of TARTs was 13 years.
The study confirmed the importance of neonatal screening, especially in the speed of diagnosis of severe forms of CAH. The prediction of the 21-OH deficiency phenotype was reasonably good in the case of severe pathogenic variants, but less reliable in the case of milder pathogenic variants, which is consistent compared to data from other populations. Screening for TARTs should be realized in all male patients with CAH, since there is possible remission when identified early.
A Caucasian girl with consanguineous parents presented with early severe obesity and retinal dystrophy. A novel, homozygous gene truncating variant (c.1897C>T) in the
gene confirmed the diagnosis of ...MORMS (OMIM #610156). A novel clinical finding in the presented syndrome is progressive cone-rod type retinal dystrophy diagnosed at the age of four months that progressed in the 1
decade of life. Severe obesity, insulin resistance with hyperinsulinism, and impaired glucose tolerance developed alongside other components of the metabolic syndrome - dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, and obstructive hypopnea in sleep. At the age of 14 years, primary amenorrhea persists. The patient is managed by regular nutritional advice, metformin, antihypertensive medication, and non-invasive respiratory support during sleep. Differential diagnosis of this rare entity is discussed in extend.
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is an inherited disorder affecting the visual system and skin pigmentation. Our aim was to evaluate genetic and clinical heterogeneity in a cohort of Slovenian ...paediatric patients with clinically suspected OCA using advanced molecular-genetics approach. In as much as 20 out of 25 patients, genetic variants explaining their clinical phenotype were identified. The great majority of patients (15/25) had genetic variants in TYR gene associated with OCA type 1, followed by variants in TYRP1, SLC45A2 and HPS1 genes causative for OCA3, OCA4 and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1, respectively. We concluded that OCA phenotype could not predict genotype and vice versa. Nevertheless, the diagnostic yield after targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) was 80% and proved to be affective in our paediatric cohort of patients with various degree of OCA. Even in 16 patients with normal complexion the diagnostic yield was 62,5%. Interestingly, we have identified a patient of white European ancestry with OCA3, which is an extremely rare report, and one patient with OCA due to the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type 1.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Infantilna kortikalna hiperostoza ali Caffeyjeva bolezen je redka dedna bolezen, ki je posledica mutacije v genu za kolagen tipa 1. Mehanizem nastanka bolezni še ni povsem pojasnjen, patofiziološka ...osnova bolezni in posledica mutacije pa je vnetje v periostu kosti. Klinično se bolezen izrazi z asimetrično zadebelitvijo kostnine v prvih mesecih življenja, najpogosteje v področju spodnje čeljusti, ključnice, lopatice, reber in dolgih kosti udov. Prizadetost kosti pogosto spremljajo nespecifični sistemski znaki. Pri postavitvi diagnoze je v veliko pomoč rentgensko slikanje, ki prikaže hiperostozo kostnine. Diagnozo potrdimo z genetsko analizo. Zdravimo simptomatsko. Pri napovedi izida bolezni igra pomembno vlogo način dedovanja. Prenatalna oblika bolezni, ki se deduje avtosomno recesivno, ima slabo napoved izida, infantilna oblika bolezni, ki se deduje avtosomno dominantno, pa navadno brez posledic do drugega leta starosti spontano izzveni. V prispevku predstavljamo klinični primer novorojenčka z infantilno obliko Caffeyjeve bolezni, pri kateri smo dokazali mutacijo gena COL1A1.
Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHBL) is an autosomal semi-dominant disorder usually caused by variants in the
gene that frequently interferes with protein length. Clinical manifestations include ...malabsorption, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, low levels of lipid-soluble vitamins, and neurological, endocrine, and hematological dysfunction.
Genomic DNA was isolated from the blood samples of the pediatric patient with hypocholesterolemia and his parents and brother. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed, and an expanded dyslipidemia panel was employed for genetic analysis. In addition, a systematic review of the literature on FHBL heterozygous patients was performed.
Genetic investigation revealed the presence of a heterozygous variant in the
(NM_000384.3) gene c.6624dup=, which changes the open reading frame and leads to early termination of translation into the p.Leu2209IlefsTer5 protein (NP_000375.3). The identified variant was not previously reported. Familial segregation analysis confirmed the variant in the mother of the subject, who also has a low level of low-density lipoprotein and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We have introduced therapy that includes limiting fats in the diet and adding lipid-soluble vitamins E, A, K, and D and calcium carbonate. We reported 35 individuals with
gene variations linked to FHBL in the systematic review.
We have identified a novel pathogenic variant in the
gene causing FHBL in pediatric patients with hypocholesterolemia and fatty liver disease. This case illustrates the importance of genetic testing for dyslipidemias in patients with significant decreases in plasma cholesterol as we can avoid damaging neurological and ophthalmological effects by sufficient vitamin supplementation and regular follow-ups.
Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) deficiency causes primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) and possibly some extra-adrenal manifestations. A limited number of these patients were previously ...described. We present the clinical and genetic characteristics of three family members with a biallelic novel pathogenic variant in the
gene. The patients were followed until the ages of 21.6, 20.2, and 4.2 years. PAI was diagnosed in the eldest two brothers after an Addisonian crisis and the third was diagnosed at the age of 4.5 months in the asymptomatic stage due to the genetic screening of family members. Whole exome sequencing with a targeted interpretation of variants in genes related to PAI was performed in all the patients. The urinary steroid metabolome was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the asymptomatic patient. The three patients, who were homozygous for c.1575dup in the
gene, developed isolated glucocorticoid deficiency. The urinary steroid metabolome showed normal excretion of cortisol metabolites. The adolescent patients had slow pubertal progression with low-normal testicular volume, while testicular endocrine function was normal. Bone mineral density was in the range for osteopenia in both grown-up siblings. Echocardiography revealed no structural or functional heart abnormalities. This article is among the first with a comprehensive and chronologically-detailed description of patients with NNT deficiency.
Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase 1 (PRSI) is an enzyme involved in nucleotide metabolism. Pathogenic variants in the PRPS1 are rare and PRS-I deficiency can manifest as three clinical ...syndromes: X-linked non-syndromic sensorineural deafness (DFN2), X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 5 (CMTX5) and Arts syndrome. We present a Slovenian patient with PRS-I enzyme deficiency due to a novel pathogenic variant – c.424G > A (p.Val142Ile) in the PRPS1 gene, who presented with gross motor impairment, severe sensorineural deafness, balance issues, ataxia, and frequent respiratory infections. In addition, we report the findings of a systemic literature review of all described male cases of Arts syndrome and CMTX5 as well as intermediate phenotypes. As already proposed by other authors, our results confirm PRS-I deficiency should be viewed as a phenotypic continuum rather than three separate syndromes because there are multiple reports of patients with an intermediary clinical presentation.
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GEOZS, IJS, IMTLJ, KILJ, KISLJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBJE, UILJ, UL, UM, UPCLJ, UPUK, ZAGLJ, ZRSKP
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