What is known and objective
Immunosuppression is the main goal in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, and solid organ and tissue transplantation. However, due to a ...lack of liquid‐form medications, it is challenging to achieve adequate immunosuppression when the patient is using enteral feeding tubes. It is necessary to transform solid oral medications into other forms for administration. Besides that, the occupational risk should be considered, and safety‐handling measures should be taken. This review aimed to investigate the available evidence regarding the use of immunosuppressive drugs through enteral feeding tubes, focusing on the administration technique, efficacy and treatment safety.
Methods
We performed an integrative review using the databases PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, Cochrane and Google Scholar, including papers published between 1997 and 2017 in Portuguese, English and Spanish. We excluded editorials, theoretical reflections, s presented at events, dissertations, theses, monographs and studies with extemporaneous formulations administered only by the oral route. In addition, we investigated the references of the included papers, as well as pharmaceutical guides, books and package inserts of selected drugs for additional evidence. Information and recommendations found were analysed and classified according to the GRADE system.
Results and discussion
Fifty papers were identified, and 14 met the selection criteria. Among the assessed immunosuppressive drugs, we observed that tacrolimus, mycophenolic acid derivatives and azathioprine were the most studied, and they have more guided recommendations regarding their use through enteral feeding tubes. We noted the need for personal protective equipment for the conversion of the solid oral dosage forms, along with special caution during administration, due to occupational hazard. Other important factors identified were the position of the tube and interactions with the enteral nutrition, because they may compromise absorption, bioavailability and serum blood levels of immunosuppressive agents. However, the studies found have methodological limitations and poor quality, and this was taken into consideration during the classification of the evidence.
What is new and conclusion
The lack of information about the administration of immunosuppressive drugs through enteral feeding tubes should not be a limiting factor, considering the need for treatment of patients in these circumstances. Risks and benefits must be carefully analysed, and factors regarding compounding and administration through the enteral tube must be considered before beginning treatment. Hence, more primary studies are necessary for better fundamental clinical management.
We review 20 years in 5 online databases and 3 languages on the use of immunosuppressives through enteral feeding tubes and ranked the evidence found according to the GRADE system. Only mycophenolate sodium has restriction reports through this route. Tacrolimus, everolimus, mycophenolate mofetil and azathioprine serum levels and adverse effects should be monitored.
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BFBNIB, DOBA, FZAB, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NLZOH, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SBCE, SBMB, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
This study aimed to improve knowledge about drug administration through enteral feeding tubes (EFTs) in order to minimize efficacy and safety problems.
The study was performed in a public secondary ...care hospital with level II accreditation by the National Accreditation Organization (Organização Nacional de Acreditação ONA), in Fortaleza, Ceará, north-eastern Brazil.
One hundred and eight oral solid medications that could be administered through EFTs and were not available in liquid forms were evaluated via transformation of their solid dosage forms into liquid forms. Dispersion times and conditions were assessed to determine which medications should be crushed. We compared the use of dispensers and syringes and their connections to enteral feeding tubes and intravenous devices. Medications whose dispersion occurred within 20 minutes and could be visually perceived and whose content could be expelled without occluding the oral syringe were considered "satisfactory".
The dispersion was "satisfactory" in 82 (75.9%) of the medications; they were classified as capable of being dispersed in water in the oral syringe for further administration via EFTs without the need for crushing. Use the dispenser instead of the syringe for drug administration was safer because the dispenser apparatus did not fit into equipment for intravenous drug administration.
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IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UL, UM, UPUK
Objective: To analyze the prescription profile of drugs administered through enteral feeding tubes in an adult intensive care unit and gather recommendations for their safe administration. Methods: ...This is a descriptive and retrospective study conducted with adult critical clinical patients of a university hospital in Fortaleza-Ceará from March to May 2018. We performed analyses of patients’ medical records and prescriptions regarding drugs, pharmaceutical presentations and the possibility of administration through enteral tubes. Results: 489 prescriptions containing 1914 items were evaluated, from which 16.6% (n = 318) through tubes. Medicines for the cardiovascular system (34.6%), nervous system (27.4%) and digestive system and metabolism (15.1%) were the most predominant, with an average of 5.8 (DP: 4.2) different per patient. Regarding the pharmaceutical presentation, oral solids were frequently prescribed via enteral tube (67.9%), especially risperidone (8.8%), carvedilol (8.3%) and amiodarone (7.9%). There were contraindications for administration through tubes in 21.6% of solid oral formulations, while there were alternative standardized pharmaceutical forms in the hospital for 43.1%. In addition, substitution for liquid preparations from the market were possible in 43.1%. Among those to which there were no alternative formulations, drugs targeting the cardiovascular system prevailed (52.2%). A table with guidelines for the proper administration of the prescribed solid medications was elaborated then. Conclusion: Solid oral medications were frequently prescribed through enteral tubes, especially those for the cardiovascular system without alternative formulations, which shows the need for guidelines to promote the safety of this process.
The aim of this study was to investigate pharmacological treatment adherence of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis, attended in an outpatient pharmacy at a tertiary hospital in northeastern ...Brazil.
The analysis of adherence was performed along with caregivers, through a structured questionnaire based on Morisky, Green and Levine, which enabled the categorization of adherence in “highest”, “moderate” or “low” grades, and through evaluating medication dispensing registers, which classified the act of getting medications at the pharmacy as “regular” or “irregular”. Drug Related Problems (DRP) were identified through the narrative of caregivers and classified according to the Second Granada Consensus. Then, a pharmaceutical orientation chart with information about the therapeutic regimen was applied, in order to function as a guide for issues that influenced adherence.
A total of 43 patients was included, with a mean age of 11.12 years, and 65.1% (n=28) were female. Applying the questionnaire, it was found “highest” adherence in 46.5% (n=20) patients, “moderate” adherence in 48.8% (n=21), and “low” adherence in 4.7% (n=2). Through an analysis of the medication dispensing registers, a lower level of adherence was observed: only 25.6% (n=11) of the participants received “regularly” the medications. Twenty-six DRP was identified, and 84.6% (n=22) were classified as real. There were no significant associations between socio-demographic variables and adherence, although some caregivers have reported difficulty in accessing the medicines and in understanding the treatment.
Our findings showed problems in the adherence process related to inattention, forgetfulness and irregularity in getting medicines, reinforcing the need for the development of strategies to facilitate a better understanding of treatment and to ensure adherence.
Investigar a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico de pacientes com artrite idiopática juvenil, atendidos na farmácia ambulatorial de hospital terciário do Nordeste do Brasil.
A análise da adesão foi feita junto aos cuidadores, por meio de questionário estruturado com base no teste de Morisky, Green e Levine, que viabilizou a categorização da adesão em “máxima”, “moderada” ou “baixa”, e da avaliação dos registros de dispensação dos medicamentos, que classificou a retirada de medicamentos na farmácia como “regular” ou “irregular”. Os problemas relacionados com medicamentos (PRM) foram identificados por meio da narrativa dos cuidadores e classificados conforme o Segundo Consenso de Granada. Em seguida, aplicou-se uma tabela de orientação farmacêutica, que contém informações sobre o esquema terapêutico, de forma a esclarecer questões que influenciavam a adesão.
Participaram 43 pacientes, com média de 11,12 anos, 65,1%, (n=28) do sexo feminino. Por meio do questionário, verificou-se adesão “máxima” em 46,5% (n=20) dos pacientes, “moderada” em 48,8% (n=21) e “baixa” em 4,7% (n=2). Pelo registro de dispensação, observou-se um nível de adesão menor: apenas 25,6% (n=11) dos participantes receberam os medicamentos “regularmente”. Identificaram-se 26 PRM, 84,6% (n=22) classificados como “reais”. Não foram observadas associações significativas entre as variáveis sociodemográficas e a adesão, embora alguns cuidadores tenham relatado dificuldade de acesso ao medicamento e de compreensão do tratamento.
Nossos achados demonstraram falhas no processo de adesão, relacionadas ao descuido, esquecimento e à irregularidade para receber os medicamentos, o que reforça a necessidade de estratégias para facilitar a compreensão do tratamento e garantir a adesão.
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BESERRA, M. P. P. Método de administração de medicamentos por sonda de alimentação: desenvolvimento, validação e análise da segurança e efetividade. 2016. 126 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências ...Farmacêuticas) - Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016.
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Previous issue date: 2016-12-16
The administration of drugs through the enteral nutrition probe (SNE) is still surrounded by many doubts regarding effectiveness and safety, besides the lack of systematization of the method of prescription and administration of these drugs. Often the interdisciplinary team needs to take responsibility for the decision making in the pharmacotherapy of patients who are probed even without support in the scientific literature. OBJECTIVES: To study from the development to the application, a specific method of medication administration by SNE, exemplified, particularly, by the dispersion of the warfarin tablets. METHOD: The study was divided into five phases, namely: a) the first one was to evaluate the dispersion of 108 solid pharmaceutical forms (FFS) in water within a doser; B) the second phase was the assay of the active principle of warfarin tablets, through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); C) the third phase was the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of patients probed on warfarin; D) the fourth phase was to compare the results of phases two and three for the final analysis of the effectiveness of warfarin administration by catheter; and e) the fifth phase that referred to the safety evaluation of catheter administration through the technique proposed with Use of the dosers, where the connectivity of the dosers with the intravenous devices was evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 108 FFS studied, 75.9% (n = 82) dispersed in less than 20 minutes, being considered suitable for the use of the proposed technique. Warfarin presented acid, oxidative and thermal degradation, being these the main points to be worked in the manipulation of this medicine. It did not present basic or photolytic degradation. A total of 733 drug-related problems were identified in the 20 patients who participated in the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up, 43% (n = 315) of the use of warfarin. There was no difference in the techniques used to prepare the warfarin in the doser. The cost of the dosing device was greater than the cost of the syringe, but the use of the syringe proved to be safer, since there is no connection of it to the intravenous access routes due to its diameter 50% larger than that of the syringe. CONCLUSION: The technique proposed for administering drugs through SNE is feasible in terms of execution time, safety and the variety of FFS that can be dispersed.
A administração de medicamentos via sonda de nutrição enteral (SNE) ainda está cercada por muitas dúvidas quanto à efetividade e segurança, além da falta de sistematização do método de prescrição e administração destes medicamentos. Muitas vezes a equipe interdisciplinar precisa se responsabilizar pela tomada de decisão na farmacoterapia de pacientes sondados mesmo sem respaldo na literatura científica. OBJETIVOS: Estudar desde o desenvolvimento até a aplicação, um método específico de administração de medicamentos por SNE, exemplificado, particularmente, pela dispersão dos comprimidos de varfarina. MÉTODO: O estudo foi dividido em cinco fases, a saber: a) a primeira consistiu em avaliar a dispersão de 108 formas farmacêuticas sólidas (FFS) em água dentro de um dosador; b) a segunda fase foi o doseamento do princípio ativo dos comprimidos de varfarina, através de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE); c) a terceira fase foi a realização do acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico de pacientes sondados em uso de varfarina; d) a quarta fase foi comparar os resultados das fases dois e três para análise final da efetividade da administração de varfarina por sonda, e e) a quinta fase que se referiu a avaliação da segurança na administração de medicamentos por sonda através da técnica proposta com o uso dos dosadores, onde foi avaliada a conectividade dos dosadores com os dispositivos intravenosos. RESULTADOS: Das 108 FFS estudadas 75,9% (n=82) dispersaram em menos de 20 minutos, sendo consideradas aptas à utilização da técnica proposta. A varfarina apresentou degradação ácida, oxidativa e térmica, sendo estes os pontos principais a serem trabalhados na manipulação deste medicamento. Não apresentou degradação básica ou fotolítica. Foram identificados 733 problemas relacionados a medicamentos nos 20 pacientes que participaram do acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico, sendo 43% (n = 315) relacionados ao uso de varfarina. Não houve diferença quanto às técnicas aplicadas para o preparo da varfarina no dosador. O custo do dosador foi maior que o custo da seringa, mas o uso deste mostrou-se mais seguro, uma vez que não há conexão dele com as vias de acesso intravenoso devido ao seu diâmetro 50% maior que o da seringa. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica proposta para administração de medicamentos através de SNE é viável quanto ao tempo de execução, segurança e a variedade de FFS que são passíveis de dispersão.
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The administration of drugs through the enteral nutrition probe (SNE) is still surrounded by many doubts regarding effectiveness and safety, besides the lack of systematization of the method ...of prescription and administration of these drugs. Often the interdisciplinary team needs to take responsibility for the decision making in the pharmacotherapy of patients who are probed even without support in the scientific literature. OBJECTIVES: To study from the development to the application, a specific method of medication administration by SNE, exemplified, particularly, by the dispersion of the warfarin tablets. METHOD: The study was divided into five phases, namely: a) the first one was to evaluate the dispersion of 108 solid pharmaceutical forms (FFS) in water within a doser; B) the second phase was the assay of the active principle of warfarin tablets, through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); C) the third phase was the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up of patients probed on warfarin; D) the fourth phase was to compare the results of phases two and three for the final analysis of the effectiveness of warfarin administration by catheter; and e) the fifth phase that referred to the safety evaluation of catheter administration through the technique proposed with Use of the dosers, where the connectivity of the dosers with the intravenous devices was evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 108 FFS studied, 75.9% (n = 82) dispersed in less than 20 minutes, being considered suitable for the use of the proposed technique. Warfarin presented acid, oxidative and thermal degradation, being these the main points to be worked in the manipulation of this medicine. It did not present basic or photolytic degradation. A total of 733 drug-related problems were identified in the 20 patients who participated in the pharmacotherapeutic follow-up, 43% (n = 315) of the use of warfarin. There was no difference in the techniques used to prepare the warfarin in the doser. The cost of the dosing device was greater than the cost of the syringe, but the use of the syringe proved to be safer, since there is no connection of it to the intravenous access routes due to its diameter 50% larger than that of the syringe. CONCLUSION: The technique proposed for administering drugs through SNE is feasible in terms of execution time, safety and the variety of FFS that can be dispersed.
A administraÃÃo de medicamentos via sonda de nutriÃÃo enteral (SNE) ainda està cercada por muitas dÃvidas quanto à efetividade e seguranÃa, alÃm da falta de sistematizaÃÃo do mÃtodo de prescriÃÃo e administraÃÃo destes medicamentos. Muitas vezes a equipe interdisciplinar precisa se responsabilizar pela tomada de decisÃo na farmacoterapia de pacientes sondados mesmo sem respaldo na literatura cientÃfica. OBJETIVOS: Estudar desde o desenvolvimento atà a aplicaÃÃo, um mÃtodo especÃfico de administraÃÃo de medicamentos por SNE, exemplificado, particularmente, pela dispersÃo dos comprimidos de varfarina. MÃTODO: O estudo foi dividido em cinco fases, a saber: a) a primeira consistiu em avaliar a dispersÃo de 108 formas farmacÃuticas sÃlidas (FFS) em Ãgua dentro de um dosador; b) a segunda fase foi o doseamento do princÃpio ativo dos comprimidos de varfarina, atravÃs de cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia (CLAE); c) a terceira fase foi a realizaÃÃo do acompanhamento farmacoterapÃutico de pacientes sondados em uso de varfarina; d) a quarta fase foi comparar os resultados das fases dois e trÃs para anÃlise final da efetividade da administraÃÃo de varfarina por sonda, e e) a quinta fase que se referiu a avaliaÃÃo da seguranÃa na administraÃÃo de medicamentos por sonda atravÃs da tÃcnica proposta com o uso dos dosadores, onde foi avaliada a conectividade dos dosadores com os dispositivos intravenosos. RESULTADOS: Das 108 FFS estudadas 75,9% (n=82) dispersaram em menos de 20 minutos, sendo consideradas aptas à utilizaÃÃo da tÃcnica proposta. A varfarina apresentou degradaÃÃo Ãcida, oxidativa e tÃrmica, sendo estes os pontos principais a serem trabalhados na manipulaÃÃo deste medicamento. NÃo apresentou degradaÃÃo bÃsica ou fotolÃtica. Foram identificados 733 problemas relacionados a medicamentos nos 20 pacientes que participaram do acompanhamento farmacoterapÃutico, sendo 43% (n = 315) relacionados ao uso de varfarina. NÃo houve diferenÃa quanto Ãs tÃcnicas aplicadas para o preparo da varfarina no dosador. O custo do dosador foi maior que o custo da seringa, mas o uso deste mostrou-se mais seguro, uma vez que nÃo hà conexÃo dele com as vias de acesso intravenoso devido ao seu diÃmetro 50% maior que o da seringa. CONCLUSÃO: A tÃcnica proposta para administraÃÃo de medicamentos atravÃs de SNE à viÃvel quanto ao tempo de execuÃÃo, seguranÃa e a variedade de FFS que sÃo passÃveis de dispersÃo.
American trypanosomiasis, also named Chagas disease (CD), is an anthropozoonosis caused by the protozoan parasite
. The disease affects millions of people worldwide, leading yearly to approximately ...50,000 deaths. COVID-19, generated by SARS-CoV-2, can lead to lymphopenia and death. We hereby describe the first report of two patients with CD and COVID-19 coinfection, from hospitalization until patients' death.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization in March 2020. Severe COVID-19 ...cases develop severe acute respiratory syndrome, which can result in multiple organ failure, sepsis, and death. The higher risk group includes the elderly and subjects with pre-existing chronic illnesses such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. To date, no specific treatment or vaccine is available for COVID-19. Among many compounds, naringenin (NAR) a flavonoid present in citrus fruits has been investigated for antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties like reducing viral replication and cytokine production. In this perspective, we summarize NAR potential anti-inflammatory role in COVID-19 associated risk factors and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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